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Theories of Etiology
Ch 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hormone | chemical that carries messages throughout the body, affecting a person's mood, energy, & stress |
| Modeling | new behaviors are learned by imitating the behaviors from a role model |
| Observational Learning | Observing rewards & punishments that another person receives then behaving accordingly within those rules |
| Albert Bandura | - social learning (modeling & observational learning) |
| Transference | occurs when the client reacts to the therapist as if theyre an important person from their past |
| Synapse | the gap between synaptic terminals & adjacent neurons where neurotransmitters are released into |
| Receptors | molecules on the membrane of adjacent neurons |
| Neurotransmitters | Acts as a messenger by carrying impulses from one neuron to another |
| Reuptake | Neurons send neurotransmitters into the synapse but take it back |
| Degradation | When the receiving neuron releases an enzyme into the synapse & breaks it down |
| Serotonin | plays an important role in regulating emotional well-being & aggressive impulses |
| Theory | A set of ideas that provide a framework for questioning, gathering, and interpreting information |
| Therapy | Treatments that target the causal factors of psychological disorders |
| Symptoms | Observable behavior or state (what we can see) |
| Syndrome | Constellation of symptoms that occur together over a period (no statement or cause) |
| Disorder | A cluster of symptoms not believed to be due to some other pervasive condition |
| Psychoanalytic | Disorders are symptoms of underlying characterological developmental problems (starting from birth) |
| Humanistic | Disorders from denial of goodness/drives |
| Behavior | Psychopathology is learned maladaptive behavior |
| Social Learning | Psychopathology learned through social forces |
| Cognitive | Cognitions are a critical mediator in the relationship among environmental/behavior/affect (way we think) |
| Operant Conditioning | Shapes new behaviors by rewarding desired behaviors & punishing undesired ones |
| Classical Conditioning | Explains seemingly irrational responses to a host of neutral stimuli |
| Polygenic Process | consists of multiple genetic abnormalities that interact in one individual to create a disorder |
| Catharsis | Expression of emotions connected to memories & conflicts, leads to releasing energy used to keep memories unconscious |
| Repression | Unconscious defense mechanism in which ego pushes anxiety-provoking material back |
| What's a limitation of cognitive theories? | Difficult proving that maladaptive cognitions precede & cause disorders |
| Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) | - originally developed to reduce suicidal behavior & nonsuicidal self-injury & help BPD, but used today for eating disorders, mood disorders, emotional regulation & impulse control |
| Dopamine | associated w/ the experience of reinforcements/rewards in brain |
| Norepinephrine | produces by neurons in brain stem that affects cognition & attention |
| GABA | inhibits the actions of other neurotransmitters |
| Gene-Environment Interaction | Genes influence the type of environment & experiences people choose |
| Epigenetics | Environmental conditions affect the expression of genes |
| Id | source of libido & aggressive drives (impulses, pleasure principle) |
| Ego | seeks gratification of id impulses in socially appropriate ways (reality principle) |
| Superego | moral compass that includes rules & regulations of behavior learned from society/parents (moral principle) |
| Psychosexual Stages | Developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society + their own sexual urges |
| Fixations | concerns or conflicts that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur |
| Oral | (birth to 12-18 months) interest in oral gratification; are needs met? |
| Anal | (12-18 months - 3 yrs) gratification from potty training; control --> OCPD |
| Phallic | (3 to 5-6 years) differences between genders (oedipal) |
| Latency | (5-6yrs to adolescence) sexual concerns unimportant |
| Genital | (adolescence to adulthood) mature sexual relationships |
| Diathesis-stress model | A biological, psychological, or social vulnerability combines with a biological, psychological, or social trigger, causing a disorder to manifest. |
| Who conceptualized the theory of self-efficacy beliefs? | Albert Bandura |
Created by:
Kolohegirl
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