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GEN PSYCH CHAPTER 15
Psychological Theories
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem talks with a psychological professional. | Psychotherapy |
| psychotherapies in which the main goal is helping people to gain insight with respect to their behavior, thoughts, and feelings | Insight therapies |
| psychotherapy in which the main goal is to change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly | Action therapy |
| therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem is treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms. | Biomedical therapy |
| Mentally ill people began to be confined to institutions called _____ In the mid-1500s | asylums |
| Treatment in the Past | Treatments were harsh and often damaging |
| became famous for demanding that the mentally ill be treated with kindness, personally unlocking the chains of inmates in France | Philippe Pinel |
| an insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts ---Dream interpretation | Psychoanalysis |
| the actual content of one’s dream | Manifest content |
| the symbolic or hidden meaning of dreams | Latent content |
| Freudian technique in which a patient was encouraged to talk about anything that came to mind without fear of negative evaluations | Free association |
| occurring when a patient becomes reluctant to talk about a certain topic, either changing the subject or becoming silent | Resistance |
| in psychoanalysis, the tendency for a patient or client to project positive or negative feelings for important people from the past onto the therapist | Transference |
| a newer and more general term for therapies based on psychoanalysis, with an emphasis on transference, shorter treatment times, and a more direct therapeutic approach | Psychodynamic therapy |
| therapy in which the therapist actively gives interpretations of a client’s statements and may suggest certain behavior or actions. Psychoanalysis today is more directive | Directive |
| therapy style in which the therapist remains relatively neutral and does not interpret or take direct actions with regard to the client, instead remaining a calm, nonjudgmental listener while the client talks | Nondirective |
| form of therapy for depression which incorporates multiple approaches and focuses on interpersonal problems | Interpersonal therapy (IPT) |
| a nondirective insight therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens | Person-centered therapy |
| Four Elements of Person-centered therapy | Reflection, Unconditional positive regard, Empathy, and Authenticity |
| therapy technique in which the therapist restates what the client says rather than interpreting those statements. | Reflection |
| referring to the warmth, respect, and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in person-centered therapy. | Unconditional positive regard |
| the ability of the therapist to understand the feelings of the client | Empathy |
| the genuine, open, and honest response of the therapist to the client | Authenticity |
| In contrast to client-centered, MI has specific goals, to reduce ambivalence about change and to increase intrinsic motivation to bring that change about | Motivational Interviewing |
| form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients to accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences such as role-playing. | Gestalt therapy |
| Today’s View of Humanistic Therapy | Humanistic therapies are not based in experimental research and work best with intelligent, highly verbal persons |
| action therapies based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes of such behavior | Behavior therapies |
| the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior | Behavior modification or applied behavior analysis |
| behavior technique used to treat phobias, in which a client is asked to make a list of ordered fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears | Systematic desensitization |
| replacing an old conditioned response with a new one by changing the unconditioned stimulus | Counterconditioning |
| form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior | Aversion therapy |
| Behavioral techniques that introduce the client to situations, under carefully controlled conditions, which are related to their anxieties or fears | Exposure Therapy |
| technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is rapidly and intensely exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response | Flooding |
| controversial form of therapy for post traumatic stress disorder and similar anxiety problems in which the client is directed to move the eyes rapidly back and forth while thinking of a disturbing memory. | Eye-movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) |
| learning through the observation and imitation of others | Modeling |
| technique in which a model demonstrates the desired behavior in a step-by-step, gradual process while the client is encouraged to imitate the model | Participant modeling |
| the strengthening of a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence or the removal of an unpleasant stimulus | Reinforcement |
| the use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges | Token economy |
| a formal, written agreement between the therapist and client (or teacher and student) in which goals for behavioral change, reinforcements, and penalties are clearly stated | Contingency contract |
| the removal of a reinforcer to reduce the frequency of a behavior | Extinction |
| an extinction process in which a person is removed from the situation that provides reinforcement for undesirable behavior, usually by being placed in a quiet corner or room away from possible attention and reinforcement opportunities | Time-out |
| Behavior therapies can be effective in treating specific problems | such as bedwetting, drug addictions, and phobias |
| Effectiveness of Behavioral Therapy | Can help improve some of the more troubling behavioral symptoms associated with more severe disorders |
| therapy in which the focus is on helping clients recognize distortions in their thinking and replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs with more realistic, helpful thoughts | Cognitive therapy |
| Cognitive Distortions based on Beck’s Cognitive Therapy | Arbitrary inference, Selective thinking, Overgeneralization, Magnification and minimization, and Personalization |
| distortion of thinking in which a person draws a conclusion that is not based on any evidence | Arbitrary inference |
| distortion of thinking in which a person focuses on only one aspect of a situation while ignoring all other relevant aspects | Selective thinking |
| distortion of thinking in which a person draws sweeping conclusions based on only one incident or event and applies those conclusions to events that are unrelated to the original | Overgeneralization |
| distortions of thinking in which a person blows a negative event out of proportion to its importance (magnification) while ignoring relevant positive events (minimization) | Magnification and minimization |
| distortion of thinking in which a person takes responsibility or blame for events that are unconnected to the person | Personalization |
| action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically | Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) |
| Three goals of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies | – Relieve the symptoms and solve the problems. – To develop strategies for solving future problems. – To help change irrational, distorted thinking. |
| cognitive- behavioral therapy in which clients are directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief statements | Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) |
| has seemed successful in treating depression, stress disorders, and anxiety. | Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) |
| a form of group therapy in which family members meet together with a counselor or therapist to resolve problems that affect the entire family. | Family counseling (family therapy) |
| a group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support. | Self-help groups (support groups) |
| most useful to persons who cannot afford individual therapy and who may obtain a great deal of social and emotional support from other group members. | Group therapy |
| Advantages of Group Therapy | – Low cost. – Exposure to other people with similar problems, social interaction with others. – Social and emotional support from people with similar disorders or problems. |
| Disddvantages of Group Therapy | – Need to share the therapist’s time with others in the group. – Lack of a private setting in which to reveal concerns. – Inability of people with severe disorders to tolerate being in a group. |
| Psychotherapy | more effective than no treatment at all |
| From 75 to 90 percent of people who receive therapy improve | the longer a person stays in therapy the better the improvement, and psychotherapy works as well alone as with drugs |
| Some types of psychotherapy are more effective for certain types of problems, and no one psychotherapy method is effective for all problems | Effective therapy should be matched to the particular client and the particular problem |
| therapy style that results from combining elements of several different therapy techniques | Eclectic therapies |
| he relationship between therapist and client that develops as a warm, caring, accepting relationship characterized by empathy, mutual respect, and understanding. | Therapeutic alliance |
| Therapeutic alliance _ | – Common factors approach. – Opportunity for catharsis. – Learning and practicing new behaviors. – Positive experiences. |
| Four barriers to effective psychotherapy that exist when the backgrounds of client and therapist differ are | language, cultural-bound values, class-bound values, language, and nonverbal communication |
| psychotherapy that is offered on the Internet. Also called online, Internet, or Web therapy or counseling. Offers the advantages of anonymity and therapy for people who cannot otherwise get to a therapist | Cybertherapy |
| therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain | Biomedical therapies |
| the use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders. | Psychopharmacology |
| drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behavior. | Antipsychotic drugs |
| drugs used to treat and calm anxiety reactions, typically minor tranquilizers. | Antianxiety drugs |
| used to treat bipolar disorder and include lithium and certain anticonvulsant drugs. | Antimanic drugs |
| drugs used to treat depression and anxiety | Antidepressant drugs |
| form of biomedical therapy to treat severe depression in which electrodes are placed on either one or both sides of a person’s head and an electric current is passed through the electrodes that is strong enough to cause a seizure or convulsion | Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
| surgery performed on brain tissue to relieve or control severe psychological disorders | Psychosurgery |
| psychosurgery in which the connections of the prefrontal lobes of the brain to the rear portions are severed | Prefrontal lobotomy |
| psychosurgical technique in which an electrode wire is inserted into the anterior cingulated gyrus area of the brain with the guidance of a magnetic resonance imaging machine for the purpose of destroying thatarea of brain tissue with an electric current | Bilateral anterior cingulotomy |
| repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), where magnetic pulses are applied to the cortex and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), | Emerging techniques |
| is a software generated three-dimensional simulated environment with can be used in the treatment of PTSD. | Virtual reality |
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chacham
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