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Med Term: Ch. 15
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| brain | - contained within the cranium - center for coordinating & comprises the cerebrum, cerebellum, & brainstem |
| brainstem contains: | - pons - medulla oblongata - midbrain |
| cerebrum | - largest portion of the brain - divided into left & right hemispheres - controls the skeletal muscles, interprets general senses, & contains centers for sight & hearing - intellect, memory, & emotional rxns |
| ventricles | - cavities within the brain that contains cerebrospinal fluid - cerebrospinal fluid flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain & spinal cord |
| cerebellum | - located under the posterior portion of the cerebrum - assists in the coordination of skeletal muscles to maintain balance - also called hindbrain |
| brainstem | - stemlike portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord - contains centers that control respiration & heart rate |
| pons | - connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum & brainstem |
| medulla oblongata | - located between the pons & spinal cord - contains centers that control respiration, heart rate, & muscles in the blood vessel walls (assist in determining blood pressure) |
| midbrain | - most superior portion of the brainstem |
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | - clear, colorless fluid contained in the ventricles that flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain & spinal cord - cushions the brain & spinal cord from shock, transports nutrients, & clears metabolic waste |
| spinal cord | - passes through the vertebral canal extending from the medulla oblongata to the level of the second lumbar vertebra - conducts nerve impulses to & from the brain & initiates reflex action to sensory information without input from brain |
| meninges | three layers of membrane that cover the brain & spinal cord |
| dura mater | tough outer layer of the meninges |
| arachnoid | - delicate middle layer of the meninges - loosely attached to the pia mater by weblike fibers, which allow for the subarachnoid space |
| pia mater | thin inner layer of the meninges |
| nerve | - cordlike structure made up of fibers that carries impulses from one part of the body to another - 12 pairs of cranial nerves - 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
| ganglion | group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system |
| glia | - specialized cells that support & nourish nervous tissue - some cells assist in secretion of CSF - other cells assist with phagocytosis - also called neuroglia |
| types of glia: | - ependymal cells - astroglia - oligodendroglia - microglia |
| neuron | nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses to carry out the function of the nervous system |
| cerebell/o | cerebellum |
| cerebr/o | - cerebrum - brain |
| dur/o | - hard - dura mater |
| encephal/o | brain |
| gangli/o ganglion/o | ganglion |
| gli/o | glia |
| mening/o meningi/o | meninges |
| myel/o | spinal cord |
| neur/o | nerve |
| radic/o radicul/o rhiz/o | nerve root |
| esthesi/o | - sensation - sensitivity - feeling |
| ment/o psych/o | mind |
| mon/o | - one - single |
| phas/o | speech |
| poli/o | gray matter |
| quadr/i | four |
| - iatrist | - specialist - physician |
| -iatry | - treatment - specialty |
| -ictal | - seizure - attack |
| -paresis | - slight paralysis |
| Alzheimer disease (AD) | - type of dementia that occurs frequently after age of 65 - brain shrinks dramatically as nerve cells die & tissues atrophy - slowly progressive & usually results in profound dementia in 5-10 years - inability to remember recent past |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | - progressive muscle atrophy caused by degeneration & scarring of neurons along the lateral columns of spinal cord that control muscles - Lou Gehrig disease |
| Bell palsy | - paralysis (usually temporary) of muscles on one side of face caused by inflammation or compression of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) - sagging mouth of affected side & nonclosure of the eyelid |
| cerebral aneurysm | - aneurysm in the cerebrum - usually asymptomatic until it ruptures - can be very serious & can result in death |
| cerebral embolism | - an embolus (blood clot, piece of atherosclerotic plaque) lodges in a cerebral artery, casing sudden blockage of blood supply to brain tissues - can lead to ischemic stroke |
| cerebral palsy (CP) | - condition characterized by lack of muscle control & partial paralysis - caused by brain defect or lesion present at birth or shortly after |
| dementia | - cognitive impairment characterized by loss of intellectual brain function - difficulty in performing complex tasks, reasoning, learning & retaining new information, orientation, work finding, & behavior |
| epilepsy | - condition characterized by recurrent seizures - all characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain |
| hydrocephalus | - congenital or acquired disorder caused by obstructed circulation of cerebrospinal fluid - resulting in dilated cerebral ventricles & impaired brain function |
| intracerebral hemorrhage | - bleeding into the brain as a result of a ruptured blood vessel within the brain - acute symptoms: dyspnea, dysphagia, aphasia, diminished consciousness, & hemiparesis - a cause of hemorrhage stroke & frequently associated w/ high blood pressure |
| multiple sclerosis (MS) | - chronic degenerative disease characterized by sclerotic patches along the brain & spinal cord - common symptoms: fatigue, balance & coordination impairments, numbness, & vision problems |
| Parkinson disease (PD) | - chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system - signs/symptoms: resting tremors of the hands & feet, rigidity, expressionless face, shuffling gait, & eventually dementia |
| sciatica | - inflammation of the sciatic nerve, causing pain that travels from thigh through leg to foot & toes - can be caused by injury, infection, arthritis, herniated disk, or prolonged pressure on nerves |
| shingles | - viral disease that affects peripheral nerves & causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of affected nerves - herpes zoster |
| stroke | - interruption of blood supply to region of the brain, depriving nerve cells of oxygen & nutrients - involved cells experience dysfunction - speech, memory, & other CNS functions may be affected - cerebrovascular accident (CVA), brain attack |
| ischemic stroke | result of blocked blood vessel |
| hemorrhagic stroke | result of bleeding |
| subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) | - bleeding between the pia mater &arachnoid layers of meninges caused by a ruptured blood vessel - nausea, vomiting, & neck pain - must be recognized & treated right away to prevent permanent brain damage or death |
| transient ischemic attack (TIA) | - sudden deficient supply of blood to the brain lasting a short time - symptoms similar to those of stroke, temporary - outcome is complete recovery |
| computed tomography (CT) | - computerized radiographic process producing a series of sectional images of tissue - commonly used in brain, spine, neck, chest, abdomen, & pelvis |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | - high strength, computer-controlled magnetic fields producing a series of sectional images that visualize abnormalities - abnormalities: swelling, infections, tumors, & herniated disks - commonly used in: abdomen & musculoskeletal system |
| positron emission tomography (PET) scan | - nuclear medicine procedure combining CT & radioactive chemicals to produce sectional images of the brain or other organs - used to examine blood flow & metabolic activity |
| evoked potential studies (EP studies) | - group of diagnostic tests that measure changes & responses in the brain waves elicited by visual, auditory, or somatosensory stimuli - visual evoked response (VER) - auditory evoked response (AER) - somatosensory evoked response (SSER) |
| lumbar puncture (LP) | - diagnostic procedure performed by insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space (usually between 3rd & 4th lumbar vertebrae) - removal of cerebrospinal fluid - spinal tap |
| afferent | conveying toward a center |
| ataxia | lack of muscle coordination |
| cognitive | pertaining to the mental processes of comprehension, judgement, memory, & reason |
| coma | state of profound unconsciousness |
| concussion | injury to the brain caused by major/minor head trauma - symptoms: vertigo, headache, & possible loss of consciousness |
| conscious | awake, alert, aware of ones surroundings |
| convulsion | sudden, involuntary contraction of a group of muscles - may be present during a seizure |
| disorientation | state of mental confusion as to a time, place, or identity |
| dysarthria | inability to use speech that is distinct & connected because of a loss of muscle control after damage to the peripheral or central nervous system |
| efferent | conveying away from the center |
| gait | manner/style of walking |
| incoherent | unable to express ones thoughts or ideas in an orderly, intelligible manner |
| paraplegia | paralysis from the waist down caused by damage to lower level of spinal cord |
| seizure | sudden, abnormal surge of electrical activity in the brain, resulting in involuntary body movements/behaviors |
| shunt | tube implanted in the body to redirect the flow of a fluid |
| syncope | fainting/sudden loss of consciousness caused by lack of blood supply to cerebrum |
| unconsciousness | state of being unaware of surrounding & incapable of responding to stimuli as a result of injury, shock, illness, or drugs |
| anorexia nervosa | eating disorder characterized by a disturbed perception of body image resulting in failure to maintain body weight, fear of gaining weight, pronounced desire for thinness, & amenorrhea (in women) |
| anxiety disorder | disorder characterized by feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness arising typically from the anticipation of unreal or imagined danger |
| attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | disorder of learning & behavioral problems characterized by marked inattention, distractibility, impulsiveness, & hyperactivity |
| autism | spectrum of mental disorders - onset during infancy or childhood, preoccupation w/ subjective mental activity, inability to interact socially, & impaired communication - autism spectrum disorder (ASD) |
| bipolar disorder | major psychological disorder typified by a disturbance in mood - manifested by manic & depressive episodes that may alternate or occur simultaneously |
| bulimia nervosa | eating disorder characterized by uncontrolled binge eating followed by purging |
| major depression | mood disturbance characterized by feelings of sadness, despair, discouragement, hopelessness, lack of joy, altered sleep patterns, & difficulty w/ decision making & daily functions - clinical depression - mood disorder |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | disorder characterized by intrusive, unwanted thoughts that result in the tendency to perform repetitive acts or rituals (usually as a means of releasing tension/anxiety) |
| panic attack | episode of sudden onset of acute anxiety, occurring unpredictably, w/ feelings of acute apprehension, dyspnea, dizziness, sweating, and/or chest pain, depersonalization, paresthesia, fear of dying, loss of mind or control |
| phobia | marked & persistent fear that is excessive/unreasonable cued by presence or anticipation of a specific situation or object |
| pica | compulsive eating of nonnutritive substances such as clay or ice - may be a result of iron deficiency |
| posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | significant behavioral health disorder where some people exposed to a traumatic event go on to develop a series of symptoms related to it |
| schizophrenia | any one of a large group of psychotic disorders characterized by gross distortions of reality, disturbance of language & communication, withdrawal from social interaction, & disorganization/fragmentation of thought, perception, & emotional rxn |
| somatoform disorders | disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists |
Created by:
tessamcelrone
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