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361FINAL
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Three mechanisms of social interactions | Selection, evocation, manipulation |
| selection | Personality characteristics of others influence whether we select them as dates, friends, or marriage partners.Own personality characteristics play role in kinds of situations we select to enter and stay in |
| Personality characteristics in a marriage Buss 1990 | Over 10,000 participants, from 37 samples in 33 countries, six continents, five islands. Mutual attraction/love is the most favored characteristic. Almost as important are characteristics of dependable character, emotional stability, pleasing disposition |
| assortative mating | People are married to people who are similar to themselves |
| Botwin 1997 | studied dating and married couples. (+) correlations between spouses are due to direct social preferences, based on personality char. of those doing the selecting. |
| Do people get the mates they want? | Partner’s personality had a large effect on marital satisfaction. Happy when their partners high on agreeableness, emotional stability, & openness. Ones ideal pers. and actual pers. did not predict happiness |
| Violation of desire theory | Buss,1994. Break-ups should be more common when one’s desires are violated than when they are fulfilled. Those who fail to get what they want, tend to selectively break up more ofter |
| Shyness | Tendency to feel tense, worried, and anxious during social interactions or even when anticipating social interactions. Risks if someone will select a risky situation in the form of gambles |
| shy women | They are less likely to go to a gynecologist, & are less likely to bring up contraception with potential sexual partners |
| Evocation | our pers. evokes others and others pers. evokes responses in us. Once we select people to occupy our environment we set the processes into motion. Aggressive ppl evoke hostility from others. |
| Hostile attributional bias | Tendency to infer hostile intent on the part of others in the face of uncertain behavior from others |
| evocation of anger and upset in partners | Person can perform actions that cause emotional response in a partner & a person can elicit actions from another that upset the original elicitor |
| Buss 1991 | Role of personality on evocation of anger and upset in married couples. Assessed personality char. of husbands & wives. Strongest predictors of upset are low agreeableness and emotional instability |
| Expectancy confirmation | People’s beliefs about personality characteristics of others cause them to evoke in others actions that are consistent with initial beliefs |
| Snyder and Swann (1978) | People’s beliefs led them to behave in an aggressive manner toward an unsuspecting target, then the target behaved in a more aggressive manner, confirming initial beliefs |
| Manipulation | Personality is linked to ways in which we try to influence or manipulate others Manipulation or social influence includes ways in which people intentionally alter, change, or exploit others |
| Manipulation can be examined from two perspectives within personality psychology | Are some individuals consistently more manipulative than others? Given that all people attempt to influence others, do stable personality char. predict tactics that are used? |
| Sex differences in tactics of manipulation | With exception of regression (crying, whining), men and women are similar in performance of tactics of manipulation |
| Personality predictors in tactics of manipulation | High surgency: Coercion, responsibility invocation Low surgency: Self-abasement, hardball High agreeable: Pleasure induction, reason Low agreeable: Coercion, silent treatment High conscientiousness: Reason |
| Machiavellianism | Manipulative strategy of social interaction, personality style that uses other people as tools for personal gain |
| High Machiavellian | select situations that are loosely structure, tend to evoke specific reactions from others such as anger, or influence and manipulate other in predictable ways, using tactics that are exploitative. |
| Narcissism & social interaction | Those high on narcissism are exhibitionistic, grandiose, self-centered, interpersonally exploitative. Selection- associate with people who admire them, evocation- Exhibitionism splits ppl some boring others brilliant, Manipulation- exploitative of others |
| Interactional Model | Objective events happen to a person, but personality determines the impact of events by influencing a person’s ability to copy Personality moderates the relation between stress and illness |
| Problem for IM | Researchers are unable to identify stable coping responses that are consistently adaptive or maladaptive |
| Transactional model | Can influence coping, how a person appraises events & events themselves. Appraisal suggests that it is not the event itself that causes stress, but how the event is interpreted by a person |
| Health behavior model | Personality does not directly influence the relation between stress and illness. Instead, personality affects health indirectly, through health promoting or health degrading behaviors |
| Predisposition model | Associations may exist between pers. & illness because of a third variable that is causing them both. Association found between illness and personality because of some predisposition that underlies them both |
| illness behavior model | Personality influences the degree to which a person perceives and attends to bodily sensations, and the degree to which a person interprets and labels sensations as illness |
| Common themes in the models | Most models of personality and illness include a key variable of stress, stress lies “in between” the event and the person |
| Stess | is a subjective feeling produced by events perceived as uncontrollable and threatening |
| Stressors | Events that lead to stress and have several common attributes, produce a state of feeling overwhelmed, & Perceive as uncontrollable |
| Stress response | Startle, heart beats fast, blood pressure increases, sweaty palms and soles of feet—fight-or-flight response, increase in sympathetic nervous system activity |
| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) | Alarm stage: Fight-or-flight response If stressor continues, stage of resistance: Body uses resources at above average rate, even though fight-or-flight response subsided |
| Holmes & Rahe, 1967 | both - & + events that are stressors. Ppl who exp. most stress are more likely to have a serious illness over the next year. Currently is that stress lowers the funct. of immune system, leading to lowered immunity to infection & result in illness |
| Daily Hassels | they provide the most stress in people's lives. Research indicates that people with a lot of minor stress have more physical and psychological problems. |
| Varieties of Stress | acute stress, episodic acute stress, traumatic stress, and chronic stress |
| Lazarus (1991) | in order for stress to be evoked, two cognitive events must occur |
| Primary appraisal | Person perceives an event as a threat to goals |
| Secondary appraisal | Person concludes they do not have resources to cope with demands of threatening event |
| General hypothesis for + emotions with stress | Positive emotions and appraisals may lead to a lowered impact of stress on health |
| Positive reappraisal | Person focuses on the good in what is happening |
| Problem-focused coping | Thoughts and behaviors that manage or solve an underlying cause of stress |
| creating positive events | creating positive time-out from stress things |
| Attributional style of coping | Answer to question, “Where does the person typically place the blame when things go wrong?” Three dimensions of attribution: External versus internal, unstable versus stable, specific versus global |
| Optimism-pessimism (Peterson, 2000) | People who make stable, global, and internal explanations for bad events termed “pessimists,” whereas people who make unstable, specific, external explanations for bad events termed “optimists” |
| Dispositional optimism (Scheier & Carver, 2000) | Expectation that good events will be plentiful and bad events rare in future |
| Self-efficacy (Bandura, 1986) | Belief that one can do behaviors necessary to achieve desired outcome |
| Optimistic bias | People generally underestimate their risks, with the average person rating risks as below true average |
| Optimism and physical well-being | Optimism predicts good health and health promoting behaviors. Promotes health through the effects on the immune system, an emotional mechanism, a cognitive process, effects on social contracts and behavioral mechanism |
| Management and Emotions | Some theorists suggest that emotional inhibition leads to undesirable conseq. Someone who inhibits emotional expression may suffer effects of chronic sympathetic nervous system arousal. Research says emot. express. may be good for our health |
| disclosure | Pennebaker argues that not discussing traumatic, negative, upsetting event can lead to problems. Telling a secret can relieve stress, increase health |
| Type A behavior | Achievement motivation and competitiveness Time urgency Hostility and aggressiveness. Can lead to heart disease. Structured interviews show this more than surveys |
| acute stress | results from the sudden onset of demands and is experienced as tension headaches, emotional upsets, and pressure. |
| episodic acute stress | more serious, in the sense that i refers to repeated episodes of acute stress, such as a weekend job that is stressful or having to meet a deadline each month |
| traumatic stress | refers to massive instance of acute stress, the effects of which can reverberate for years or even a lifetime. |
| chronic stress | refers to stress that does not end. day in and day out, chronic stress grinds us down until our resistance is gone |
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