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Abnormality
Ch 1 - History
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychopathology | the study of psychological disorders, focusing on the assessment, treatment, & prevention of dysfunctional behavior |
| Continuum Model of Abnormality | model of abnormality that views mental disorder along a spectrum from healthy + function to unhealthy + dysfunctional (behaviors, thoughts, feelings) |
| Four Ds of Abnormality | Distress, Dysfunction, Danger, & Deviance |
| Mental Illness | behaviors, thoughts, or feelings viewed as pathological or abnormal |
| Albert Bandura | (1970s) Behaviorism, modeling |
| Which movement was launched in 1963 by President John Kennedy? | Community Mental Health Movement |
| Community Mental Health Movement | promoted patients moving to short-term & community mental health centers that offered less restrictive, more human treatment |
| Biological Theories | focuses on biological causes of abnormal behaviors (physical diseases) |
| Supernatural Theories | abnormal behavior is due to divine intervention, curses, demonic possession, and/or personal sin & can be cursed through religious rituals, exorcisms, confessions, and/or death |
| Psychological Theories | abnormal behavior is caused by psychological processes (beliefs, thinking & coping styles) |
| Somatogenisis | due to an abnormality in the brain |
| How are psychiatrists unique? | - Have an MD degree - prescribe medications - trained to conduct psychotherapies - certified to diagnose disorders - doesn't usually provide therapy |
| Johann Weyer | - noted mental illness as a medical condition - advocated to treat patients (not lock them away) - frontrunner for supernatural explanations (medieval views) |
| Sigmund Freud | - psychoanalysis, talk therapy, free association, study of the unconscious |
| Which 3 types of theories have been used to define abnormal behavior? | - biological - supernatural - psychological |
| When determining abnormality, what is assessed? | thoughts, behaviors, & feelings |
| How are clinical psychologists unique? | - PsyD - clinical + research - doesn't prescribe medicine - can diagnose disorders (typically more severe) |
| How are counseling psychologists unique? | - PsyD - doesn't prescribe medicine - provides people w/ therapy & counseling, mental illnesses or not |
| How are mental health counselors unique? | - cannot formally diagnose - works primarily w/ people with mental disorders |
| How are nurse practitioners unique? | medical school but focuses on mental health |
| Which Greek term is used to refer to physiological symptoms that might be a result of psychological processes? | hysteria |
| Philippe Pinel | - advocated for more human treatment for patients (in France) - moral treatment approach - |
| What is the "Pinel approach"? | talking to people - treatment was more successful |
| Benjamin Rush | - founder of psychiatry - spread of asylums - blood letting |
| Trephination | when holes were drilled into the skulls of people with abnormal behavior to allow evil spirits to leave their bodies |
| Blood Letting | process of withdrawing blood from the patient's body |
| Why did Benjamin Rush believe in Blood Letting? | impurities & imbalances in the blood or excessive blood in brain were the causes of mental illness |
| What is not an example of cognition? | unconscious drive |
| Dorothea Dix | advocated for individuals w/ mental illness after observing their brutal treatment in jails |
| Tranquilizing Chair | used to control the flow of "infected" blood to the brain |
| Gyrating Chair | Spinning very fast to shake up the blood & tissues of the brain to restore equilibrium & increase blood supply to the brain |
| Pelvic Massage | the stimulation of the female genitals by hand or water to reach “hysterical paroxysm” |
| Hydrotherapy | submerging patients in an enclosed tub filled with cold water for hours to cleanse the body & mind |
| Utica Crib | an adult-sized wooden crib that had air free-flowing |
| Lightner Witmer | - father of clinical psychology in 1869 - opened the first american psychological clinic |
| Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow | - client-centered therapy & humanism - hierarchy of human needs |
| Beginning of Psychopharmacology | development of anti-psychotic medicines - developed by accident |
| When was the 1st edition of the DSM published? | 1952 |
| Aaron Beck | - Founder of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - emphasis on thought patterns |
| Cognitive Triad | negative beliefs were surrounded by oneself, the world, & the future |
| (Negative) Cognitive Distortions/Schemas | the way you view the world (opposite of rose-colored glasses) |
| Ancient China | - insanity due to an imbalance of yin (-) & yang (+) - vital air flowing on heart = joy - treatment = food (positive force) |
| Egypt, Greece, & Rome | - "wandering uterus" aka hysteria - 4 humors - Homer - little to no rights, confined to homes |
| What are the 4 humors? | - Phlegm/Apathy - Yellow/Anger - Black/Bile - Blood/Cheer |
| Medieval Views/Middle Ages | - Johann Weyer & Reginold Scott - severe emotional shock & physical illness were seen as causes for abnormality - dance frenzies - demonic activity |
| Psychic Epidemic | group hysterias, mass manias, dance frenzies |
| Tarantism | caused by a tarantula bite - people acted different, like a "spirit possession" |
| Spread of Asyulms | - benjamin rush - blood letting - 12th century - bedlam - dalton common law |
| Bedlam | hospital known for harmful conditions (confinement, chains, filth, poor hygiene, undernourishment, harsh temps, isolation) |
| Dalton's Common Law | anyone who interacts w/ a patient is allowed to use forceful actions to make sure no one is harmed |
| Moral Treatment | - Philippe Pinel - Restoring Dignity - The Retreat - Dorothea Dix |
| The Retreat | - an asylum opened by Quaker William Tuke to restore patients' self-restraint by treating them w/ respect, dignity, & encouraging them to exercise self-control |
| DSM 2 | (1968) - More diagnoses, viewing milder conditions as disorders |
| DSM 3 | (1980) - removed homosexuality, more diagnoses, moved away from Freud's principles |
| DSM 4 | (1994) - descriptions, clinical significance |
| DSM 5 | (2013) - expands on criteria & labels, no axial system, deleted/clumped disorders |
| Johann Weyer believed that those accused of being witches were suffering from...? | melancholy & senility |
| Emil Kraepelin | developed the basis for the modern classification system of psych disorders |
| When were important breakthroughs in drug treatments for major forms of abnormality made? | In the mid-twentieth century |
| Mental Hygiene Movement | people developed problems b/c of their separation from nature, focused on rest, relaxation, more humane treatment |
| Franz Anton Mesmer | - believed people have magnetic fluid - originator of psychoanalytic theory |
| Managed Care | - coordinates services for an existing medical problem & prevents future medical problems |
| Why was the first Act for Regulating Madhouses created? | to improve the terrible conditions of mental institutions |
Created by:
Kolohegirl
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