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ACTUAL Psych midterm

bc apparently my 252 flashcards WEREN'T ENOUGH

TermDefinition
psychology study of behavior + mental processes
behavior what + how + why people do things
perception Internal, subjective experiences; sensations, dreams, thoughts, etc
sensation the body receiving signals + stimuli
Socrates/Plato connected mind + body, believed we are born with inherent knowledge
Aristotle believed we learn everything through experience + education
Descartes believed bodily fluids were "animal spirits" that dictated behavior
Bacon created scientific method; thought that we try to make patterns of everything, even chaos
Locke thought we were born as blank slates and could be molded into anything
structuralism believed the human mind worked in certain ways for all people
Hopkins, Hall studied with Wundt, opened psychology schools in many places
functionalism believed that all behavior was the result of evolution
William James founder of functionalism
Darwin founded theory of evolution
conciousness gave humans a unique advantage for survival according for functionalism
Calkins female figure who was denied a PhD because woman
Washburn first female PhD
unconscious what Freud believed dictated our behavior
primitive desires what Freud believed drove our behavior
psychotherapy Freud's method for diagnosing, discussing, and hopefully treating mental illness
behaviorism school of thought that replaced Freud's theories, ignored subconscious; Skinner, Watson, Pavlov
Pavlov person who orchestrated salivating dogs experiment
Watson person who conditioned Baby Albert to fear white rabbits
B F Skinner person who conditioned rats to push levers
classical conditioning type of conditioning in which one learns to associate and anticipate events after a stimulus
operant conditioning type of conditioning that uses reinforcements and punishments to encourage a behavior
humanistic field of psychology that came to challenge Freud; claimed that the primary drives of behavior were desires for love and acceptance; Rogers + Maslow
cognitive psychology psychology that looks into the brain's processes of memory, learning, language, problem solving
physiological pf the body
the four branches of modern psychology Gestalt, cognitive, evolutionary, biopsychosocial
Dix opened the first mental asylums in the US
Piaget worked with development of children
biological psychology how brain activity+circuits affect our behaviors+emotions
clinical psychology assesses mental, behavioral, emotional disorders
developmental psychology studies how we develop over our lifetime
cousnseling helps people cope with crises and deal with everyday problems
educational psychology studies the psychology of teaching and learning
experimental psychology scientists who study behavior via experimental and behavioral methods
I/O psychology study of workplace psychology
positive psychology psychology focusing on acceptance of the past+optimism about the future
personality psychology study of individual traits in a person/personality
psychometrics measures abilities, traits, and attitudes
psychodynamic how unconscious conflicts+drives influence our behaviors
social psychology how expression of emotion+behavior vary across cultural context
correlation studies to see if one factor causes another as they often come together
survey anonymous questionaire
naturalistic observation unhindered observation in the natural environment
case study the study of an individual person in depth
double blind an experiment in which neither the participants nor the researchers know which group received the placebo
experimental group the group in an experiment that receives the treatment
random selection choosing random people from a population to participate in an experiment
random assignment randomly distributing the population into experimental groups to avoid bias
standardized, reliable, valid what makes a valid experiment (besides repeatable)
descriptive stats statistics in their raw form
scatterplot a 2 variable graph in which data points are put along the graph to infer a correlation
standard deviation the average measure of variance between scores around the average
APA provides psychological guidelines for studies in US
fully debrief, informed consent, no pain, confidential 4 rules for an ethical experiment in US
longitudinal study studying the same group of people over a long time
cross-sectional study studying different ages of a population at one point in time
central tendency averages
correlation coefficient ranges from -1 to 1, measures relationship between 2 variables
positive skew distribution with a rightward skew
negative skew distribution with a leftward skew
IACUC committee in the US that oversees its institution's animal program, facilities, and procedures
sleep periodic loss on consciousness that's not a coma, hibernation, or anesthesia; deficits can remain for 2 weeks
repair, processing skills, memory consolidation why we sleep
brain stem blocks the motor cortex from sending signals below the neck during sleep
circadian rhythm our 24-hour sleep cycle
sunlight the natural process that signals our sleep/wake cycle
Alpha, Beta, NREM1, NREM2, NREM3, REM 6 stages of sleep
arousal both males+females experience during sleep
hypnosis a social interaction in which one responds to another's suggestions that an action will occur
psychoactive drugs that can alter moods/perceptions
withdrawal mental+physical pain causes by halting the use of drugs
insomnia sleep disorder in which one cannot fall asleep
narcolepsy uncontrolled bouts of sleep
sleep apnea sleep disorder in which one's breathe seizes and they wake up constantly over night
night terrors extreme fear or dread at night
dreams vivid hallucinations during REM sleep
file memories, satisfy unconscious wishes, cognitive development, consolidate neural static why we dream
depressants drugs that reduce neural activity+slows brain activity; alcohol, opioids, barbituates
alcohol social drug that reduces inhibitions, judgements, speech control
barbituates tranquilizers
stimulants drugs that are highly addictive, accelerates brain activity; herion, cocaine, morphine, nicotine, amphetamines
hallucinogens drugs that make you hallucinate; LSD, THC
somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements and sensory neurons
automatic nervous system maintains heartbeat, breathing, organs
sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate, breathing, glucose levels (fight/flight)
parasympathetic nervous system calms you down after fight/flight
neurons nerve cells
dendrites part of neurons that receives signals
axon part on neuron that sends signals
soma part of neuron cell that contains nucleus+organelles
synapse part of neuron that transfers neurochemicals to another neuron
reuptake the sending of neurochemicals back through the neuron after a signal is sent
sodium primary ion outside myelin sheath
potassium primary ion inside myelin sheath
neurochemicals chemicals in our brain that make us feel emotions
sodium-potassium pump mechanisms that re-polarizes axons after a signal is sent
EEG scan type of scan that targets electrical waves in the brain
CT scan type of scan that uses x-ray to reveal brain damage
PET scan type of scan that shows the brain's consumption of fuels
MRI scan type of scan that uses spinning magnets to give a detailed picture of soft tissue in the brain
nervous system uses the bloodstream and hormones to send messages
pituitary gland master gland that controls growth and organs
thyroid organ that controls metabolism
pancreas organ that manages blood sugar+insulin
ovaries organ responsible for sex hormones in AFAB
testicles organ responsible for sex hormones in AMAB
association areas areas in the cerebrum that manage memories, experiences, skills, knowledge
prosopagnosia the inability to recognize faces
dual porcessing our brain processing conscious and unconscious information simultaneously
functional specialization how different areas of the brain are used for different functions
creativity right brain controlled
langauge left brain controlled
plasticity the brain repairing itself
neurogenesis the brain creating new neurons
corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres
personality can be determined by environment or upbringing, or genes; proved by mental illness running in families or twin studies
stress, chemicals can affect our DNA and health
methyl molecules activates or deactivates alleles
epigenetics when methyl molecules de/activate our alleles
Gazziniga discovered that the two hemispheres operate separately
Sperry pioneered research about neurogenesis and adaptation
learning acquiring new or enduring behaviors/information
association learning that two events go together
neutral stimulus a stimulus that elicits no response
unconditioned stimulus a stimulus that naturally elicits a response
unconditioned response a natural response to a stimulus
conditioned response a stimulus that has been conditioned to elicit a response
conditioned response a response that has been conditioned to accompany a stimulus/event
reinforcer an event that strengthens a behavior
shaping when reinforcers guide behavior closer to the desired behaviors
discriminatory stimulus a stimulus that elicits a response after associated with a reinforcer (operant c)
primary reinforcer an innate reinforcer, like a biological need
secondary reinforcer a reinforcer that is associated with the primary reinforcer
positive reinforcement rewarding a behavior by giving one something they want
negative reinforcement rewarding a behavior by taking away something one does not want
positive punishment punishing a behavior by giving one something they do not want
negative punishment punishing a behavior by taking away something one wants
continuous reinforcement reinforcing a behavior every time
fixed ratio reinforcing a behavior every x amount of times
observational learning learning by watching others
modeling demonstrating desired behavior for others
mirror neurons neurons that fire when preforming actions or observing others preforming actions
insight an answer suddenly coming to you
latent "hidden" learning, does not appear until one must demonstrate it
superstition when one believes something to attributing a good/bad outcome to something falsely
taste aversion avoiding foods that have made you sick in the past
learned helplessness learning to become passive after repeated attempts to prevent a bad outcome
behavior modification altering the behavior of others
self control the ability to control impulses+ delay short-term gratification for long term rewards
Bandura observational learning experiments, bobo doll experiments
Garcia taste aversion experiments
Rescorla did research on contingency, helplessness, behavior complications
Thorndike came up with Law of Effect (behaviors w favorable consequences are more likely as well as the inverse)
decibels unit of sound loudness
pitch unit of sound frequency
place theory theory that certain hairs in the cochlea are activated by certain sounds
frequency theory theory that certain hairs in the cochlea are vibrate in accordance to certain frequencies
sensorineural hearing loss hearing loss from cochlear damage/nerve damage
conductive hearing loss hearing loss due to damage in the middle ear
nociceptors pain receptors
embodied cognition when one's temperature affects their mood/disposition
kinesthesia body's sense of muscle position/control
vestibular sense body's sense of head movement/position
memory learning that has persisted over time
encoding processing information into the memory system
storage retaining encoded information over time
retrieval getting information out of the memory system
cereberal cortex where skills, knowledge, experience are stored
explicit memory facts, experiences, concrete knowledge
effortful processing encoding that requires attention and effort
automatic processing unconscious encoding of incidental information (time, space, sound, things you know well like word meanings)
implicit memory memory that you do not consciously remember
parallel processing automatic and effortful processing at the same time
shallow processing processing things like shape, appearance, color
deep processing processing things like meaning
recall measure of memory in which one must recall information
recognition measure of memory in which one must only recognize items
hippocampus part of brain responsible for processing explicit memories
cerebellum part of brain associated with procedural memory and classical conditioning
working memory short-term memory that helps you solve problems in the moment
serial position tendency to remember information at the beginning/end of a list
proactive interference when old learning interrupts new info recall
retroactive interference when new learning interrupts old info recall
chunking splittings lots of info into smaller, more manageable amounts
mnemonics things like acronyms or phrases to help remember info
spacing effect spacing out info over time instead of cramming
testing effect testing oneself to test recall
heuristics short-cuts we use to solve a problem efficiently
insight the sudden realization of a solution
mental set an established way of thinking of things
intuition an automatic feeling about something rather than reason and logic
representative heuristics heuristics that base themselves off of stereotypes or generalizations
availability heuristics heuristics that base themselves off of availability of memory
overconfidence the tendency to think one is more correct than they are
framing that how a question is worded can influence your thinking/perception/answer
creativity the idea to create novel and valuable ideas
convergent thinking arriving at one, best solution
divergent thinking coming up with multiple solutions
creative environment, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, imaginative thinking, expertise components of creativity
Ebbinghaus studied memory and the forgetting curve
Koehler studied insight in chimps
Loftus studied eye-witness accounts and misinformation
Chomsky believed human are predisposed to grammar
phonemes perceptually distinct sounds in a language
morphemes the smallest unit of language that still has meaning
syntax grammar basically
Created by: Phenixfire
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