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ACTUAL Psych midterm
bc apparently my 252 flashcards WEREN'T ENOUGH
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| psychology | study of behavior + mental processes |
| behavior | what + how + why people do things |
| perception | Internal, subjective experiences; sensations, dreams, thoughts, etc |
| sensation | the body receiving signals + stimuli |
| Socrates/Plato | connected mind + body, believed we are born with inherent knowledge |
| Aristotle | believed we learn everything through experience + education |
| Descartes | believed bodily fluids were "animal spirits" that dictated behavior |
| Bacon | created scientific method; thought that we try to make patterns of everything, even chaos |
| Locke | thought we were born as blank slates and could be molded into anything |
| structuralism | believed the human mind worked in certain ways for all people |
| Hopkins, Hall | studied with Wundt, opened psychology schools in many places |
| functionalism | believed that all behavior was the result of evolution |
| William James | founder of functionalism |
| Darwin | founded theory of evolution |
| conciousness | gave humans a unique advantage for survival according for functionalism |
| Calkins | female figure who was denied a PhD because woman |
| Washburn | first female PhD |
| unconscious | what Freud believed dictated our behavior |
| primitive desires | what Freud believed drove our behavior |
| psychotherapy | Freud's method for diagnosing, discussing, and hopefully treating mental illness |
| behaviorism | school of thought that replaced Freud's theories, ignored subconscious; Skinner, Watson, Pavlov |
| Pavlov | person who orchestrated salivating dogs experiment |
| Watson | person who conditioned Baby Albert to fear white rabbits |
| B F Skinner | person who conditioned rats to push levers |
| classical conditioning | type of conditioning in which one learns to associate and anticipate events after a stimulus |
| operant conditioning | type of conditioning that uses reinforcements and punishments to encourage a behavior |
| humanistic | field of psychology that came to challenge Freud; claimed that the primary drives of behavior were desires for love and acceptance; Rogers + Maslow |
| cognitive psychology | psychology that looks into the brain's processes of memory, learning, language, problem solving |
| physiological | pf the body |
| the four branches of modern psychology | Gestalt, cognitive, evolutionary, biopsychosocial |
| Dix | opened the first mental asylums in the US |
| Piaget | worked with development of children |
| biological psychology | how brain activity+circuits affect our behaviors+emotions |
| clinical psychology | assesses mental, behavioral, emotional disorders |
| developmental psychology | studies how we develop over our lifetime |
| cousnseling | helps people cope with crises and deal with everyday problems |
| educational psychology | studies the psychology of teaching and learning |
| experimental psychology | scientists who study behavior via experimental and behavioral methods |
| I/O psychology | study of workplace psychology |
| positive psychology | psychology focusing on acceptance of the past+optimism about the future |
| personality psychology | study of individual traits in a person/personality |
| psychometrics | measures abilities, traits, and attitudes |
| psychodynamic | how unconscious conflicts+drives influence our behaviors |
| social psychology | how expression of emotion+behavior vary across cultural context |
| correlation | studies to see if one factor causes another as they often come together |
| survey | anonymous questionaire |
| naturalistic observation | unhindered observation in the natural environment |
| case study | the study of an individual person in depth |
| double blind | an experiment in which neither the participants nor the researchers know which group received the placebo |
| experimental group | the group in an experiment that receives the treatment |
| random selection | choosing random people from a population to participate in an experiment |
| random assignment | randomly distributing the population into experimental groups to avoid bias |
| standardized, reliable, valid | what makes a valid experiment (besides repeatable) |
| descriptive stats | statistics in their raw form |
| scatterplot | a 2 variable graph in which data points are put along the graph to infer a correlation |
| standard deviation | the average measure of variance between scores around the average |
| APA | provides psychological guidelines for studies in US |
| fully debrief, informed consent, no pain, confidential | 4 rules for an ethical experiment in US |
| longitudinal study | studying the same group of people over a long time |
| cross-sectional study | studying different ages of a population at one point in time |
| central tendency | averages |
| correlation coefficient | ranges from -1 to 1, measures relationship between 2 variables |
| positive skew | distribution with a rightward skew |
| negative skew | distribution with a leftward skew |
| IACUC | committee in the US that oversees its institution's animal program, facilities, and procedures |
| sleep | periodic loss on consciousness that's not a coma, hibernation, or anesthesia; deficits can remain for 2 weeks |
| repair, processing skills, memory consolidation | why we sleep |
| brain stem | blocks the motor cortex from sending signals below the neck during sleep |
| circadian rhythm | our 24-hour sleep cycle |
| sunlight | the natural process that signals our sleep/wake cycle |
| Alpha, Beta, NREM1, NREM2, NREM3, REM | 6 stages of sleep |
| arousal | both males+females experience during sleep |
| hypnosis | a social interaction in which one responds to another's suggestions that an action will occur |
| psychoactive | drugs that can alter moods/perceptions |
| withdrawal | mental+physical pain causes by halting the use of drugs |
| insomnia | sleep disorder in which one cannot fall asleep |
| narcolepsy | uncontrolled bouts of sleep |
| sleep apnea | sleep disorder in which one's breathe seizes and they wake up constantly over night |
| night terrors | extreme fear or dread at night |
| dreams | vivid hallucinations during REM sleep |
| file memories, satisfy unconscious wishes, cognitive development, consolidate neural static | why we dream |
| depressants | drugs that reduce neural activity+slows brain activity; alcohol, opioids, barbituates |
| alcohol | social drug that reduces inhibitions, judgements, speech control |
| barbituates | tranquilizers |
| stimulants | drugs that are highly addictive, accelerates brain activity; herion, cocaine, morphine, nicotine, amphetamines |
| hallucinogens | drugs that make you hallucinate; LSD, THC |
| somatic nervous system | controls voluntary movements and sensory neurons |
| automatic nervous system | maintains heartbeat, breathing, organs |
| sympathetic nervous system | increases heart rate, breathing, glucose levels (fight/flight) |
| parasympathetic nervous system | calms you down after fight/flight |
| neurons | nerve cells |
| dendrites | part of neurons that receives signals |
| axon | part on neuron that sends signals |
| soma | part of neuron cell that contains nucleus+organelles |
| synapse | part of neuron that transfers neurochemicals to another neuron |
| reuptake | the sending of neurochemicals back through the neuron after a signal is sent |
| sodium | primary ion outside myelin sheath |
| potassium | primary ion inside myelin sheath |
| neurochemicals | chemicals in our brain that make us feel emotions |
| sodium-potassium pump | mechanisms that re-polarizes axons after a signal is sent |
| EEG scan | type of scan that targets electrical waves in the brain |
| CT scan | type of scan that uses x-ray to reveal brain damage |
| PET scan | type of scan that shows the brain's consumption of fuels |
| MRI scan | type of scan that uses spinning magnets to give a detailed picture of soft tissue in the brain |
| nervous system | uses the bloodstream and hormones to send messages |
| pituitary gland | master gland that controls growth and organs |
| thyroid | organ that controls metabolism |
| pancreas | organ that manages blood sugar+insulin |
| ovaries | organ responsible for sex hormones in AFAB |
| testicles | organ responsible for sex hormones in AMAB |
| association areas | areas in the cerebrum that manage memories, experiences, skills, knowledge |
| prosopagnosia | the inability to recognize faces |
| dual porcessing | our brain processing conscious and unconscious information simultaneously |
| functional specialization | how different areas of the brain are used for different functions |
| creativity | right brain controlled |
| langauge | left brain controlled |
| plasticity | the brain repairing itself |
| neurogenesis | the brain creating new neurons |
| corpus callosum | connects the two hemispheres |
| personality | can be determined by environment or upbringing, or genes; proved by mental illness running in families or twin studies |
| stress, chemicals | can affect our DNA and health |
| methyl molecules | activates or deactivates alleles |
| epigenetics | when methyl molecules de/activate our alleles |
| Gazziniga | discovered that the two hemispheres operate separately |
| Sperry | pioneered research about neurogenesis and adaptation |
| learning | acquiring new or enduring behaviors/information |
| association | learning that two events go together |
| neutral stimulus | a stimulus that elicits no response |
| unconditioned stimulus | a stimulus that naturally elicits a response |
| unconditioned response | a natural response to a stimulus |
| conditioned response | a stimulus that has been conditioned to elicit a response |
| conditioned response | a response that has been conditioned to accompany a stimulus/event |
| reinforcer | an event that strengthens a behavior |
| shaping | when reinforcers guide behavior closer to the desired behaviors |
| discriminatory stimulus | a stimulus that elicits a response after associated with a reinforcer (operant c) |
| primary reinforcer | an innate reinforcer, like a biological need |
| secondary reinforcer | a reinforcer that is associated with the primary reinforcer |
| positive reinforcement | rewarding a behavior by giving one something they want |
| negative reinforcement | rewarding a behavior by taking away something one does not want |
| positive punishment | punishing a behavior by giving one something they do not want |
| negative punishment | punishing a behavior by taking away something one wants |
| continuous reinforcement | reinforcing a behavior every time |
| fixed ratio | reinforcing a behavior every x amount of times |
| observational learning | learning by watching others |
| modeling | demonstrating desired behavior for others |
| mirror neurons | neurons that fire when preforming actions or observing others preforming actions |
| insight | an answer suddenly coming to you |
| latent | "hidden" learning, does not appear until one must demonstrate it |
| superstition | when one believes something to attributing a good/bad outcome to something falsely |
| taste aversion | avoiding foods that have made you sick in the past |
| learned helplessness | learning to become passive after repeated attempts to prevent a bad outcome |
| behavior modification | altering the behavior of others |
| self control | the ability to control impulses+ delay short-term gratification for long term rewards |
| Bandura | observational learning experiments, bobo doll experiments |
| Garcia | taste aversion experiments |
| Rescorla | did research on contingency, helplessness, behavior complications |
| Thorndike | came up with Law of Effect (behaviors w favorable consequences are more likely as well as the inverse) |
| decibels | unit of sound loudness |
| pitch | unit of sound frequency |
| place theory | theory that certain hairs in the cochlea are activated by certain sounds |
| frequency theory | theory that certain hairs in the cochlea are vibrate in accordance to certain frequencies |
| sensorineural hearing loss | hearing loss from cochlear damage/nerve damage |
| conductive hearing loss | hearing loss due to damage in the middle ear |
| nociceptors | pain receptors |
| embodied cognition | when one's temperature affects their mood/disposition |
| kinesthesia | body's sense of muscle position/control |
| vestibular sense | body's sense of head movement/position |
| memory | learning that has persisted over time |
| encoding | processing information into the memory system |
| storage | retaining encoded information over time |
| retrieval | getting information out of the memory system |
| cereberal cortex | where skills, knowledge, experience are stored |
| explicit memory | facts, experiences, concrete knowledge |
| effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and effort |
| automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information (time, space, sound, things you know well like word meanings) |
| implicit memory | memory that you do not consciously remember |
| parallel processing | automatic and effortful processing at the same time |
| shallow processing | processing things like shape, appearance, color |
| deep processing | processing things like meaning |
| recall | measure of memory in which one must recall information |
| recognition | measure of memory in which one must only recognize items |
| hippocampus | part of brain responsible for processing explicit memories |
| cerebellum | part of brain associated with procedural memory and classical conditioning |
| working memory | short-term memory that helps you solve problems in the moment |
| serial position | tendency to remember information at the beginning/end of a list |
| proactive interference | when old learning interrupts new info recall |
| retroactive interference | when new learning interrupts old info recall |
| chunking | splittings lots of info into smaller, more manageable amounts |
| mnemonics | things like acronyms or phrases to help remember info |
| spacing effect | spacing out info over time instead of cramming |
| testing effect | testing oneself to test recall |
| heuristics | short-cuts we use to solve a problem efficiently |
| insight | the sudden realization of a solution |
| mental set | an established way of thinking of things |
| intuition | an automatic feeling about something rather than reason and logic |
| representative heuristics | heuristics that base themselves off of stereotypes or generalizations |
| availability heuristics | heuristics that base themselves off of availability of memory |
| overconfidence | the tendency to think one is more correct than they are |
| framing | that how a question is worded can influence your thinking/perception/answer |
| creativity | the idea to create novel and valuable ideas |
| convergent thinking | arriving at one, best solution |
| divergent thinking | coming up with multiple solutions |
| creative environment, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, imaginative thinking, expertise | components of creativity |
| Ebbinghaus | studied memory and the forgetting curve |
| Koehler | studied insight in chimps |
| Loftus | studied eye-witness accounts and misinformation |
| Chomsky | believed human are predisposed to grammar |
| phonemes | perceptually distinct sounds in a language |
| morphemes | the smallest unit of language that still has meaning |
| syntax | grammar basically |
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Phenixfire
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