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the set of five organs located in each inner ear that sense head motion and head orientation with respect to gravity
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what are the 5 vestibular organs?
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S&P Ch 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the set of five organs located in each inner ear that sense head motion and head orientation with respect to gravity | vestibular organs |
| what are the 5 vestibular organs? | 3 semicircular canals and 2 otolith organs |
| stabilizes visual input by counterrotating the eyes to compensate for head movement | vestibule-ocular reflex |
| any impairment of spatial orientation (i.e., our sense of linear motion, angular motion, or tilt) | spatial disorientation |
| nonspecific spatial disorientation | dizziness |
| a sensation of rotation or spinning | vertigo |
| problems with the vestibular system can lead to particular sensations like... | spatial disorientation, dizziness, vertigo, imbalance, blurred vision, illusory self-motion |
| sensing that includes self-generated probing of the environment | active sensing |
| flow from our senses to our brain | afferent signals |
| flow from our brain to our muscles | efferent commands |
| the three toroidal tubes in the vestibular system that sense angular acceleration, a change in angular velocity | semicircular canals |
| the mechanical structures in the vestibular system that sense both linear acceleration and gravity | otolith organs |
| what are the 2 otolith organs? | utricle and saccule |
| points forward, in the direction the person is facing | x-axis |
| points laterally, out of the person’s left ear | y-axis |
| points vertically, out of the top of the head | z-axis |
| a sense consisting of three interacting sensory modalities—perception of linear motion, angular motion, and tilt | spatial orientation |
| sensed when rotating head from side to side as if to say “no” | angular motion |
| sensed when accelerating or decelerating in a car | linear motion |
| sensed as orientation with respect to gravity | tilt |
| the size (increase or decrease) of a head movement (speed of our perceived motion) | amplitude |
| the line one moves along or faces, with reference to the point or region one is moving toward or facing | direction |
| movements represented in terms of changes in the x-, y-, and z-axes | linear motion / translation |
| three directions for sense of rotation- roll, pitch, yaw | angular motion / rotation |
| rotation around x-axis (e.g., cartwheels) | roll |
| rotation around y-axis (e.g., somersaults) | pitch |
| rotation around z-axis (e.g., spinning on barstool) | yaw |
| there are only two tilt directions possible for any given head orientation. what are they? | pitch tilt (forward or backward) and roll tilt (left or right) |
| the speed and direction in which something moves | velocity |
| a change in velocity | acceleration |
| any cell that has stereocilia for transducing mechanical movement in the inner ear into neural activity sent to the brain | hair cell |
| a sensory receptor that is responsive to mechanical stimulation | mechanoreceptor |
| otolith organ that contains about 30,000 hair cells | utricle |
| otolith organ that contains about 16,000 hair cells | saccule |
| otolith organs sense _____ and ______ | acceleration and tilt |
| a specialized detector of linear acceleration and gravity | macula |
| horizontal plane; sensitive to horizontal linear acceleration and gravity | utricular macula |
| vertical plane; sensitive to vertical linear acceleration and gravity | saccular macula |
| what are the 3 experimental paradigms that are typically used to investigate spatial orientation perception? | threshold estimation, magnitude estimation, matching |
| the process of combining different sensory signals; typically leads to more accurate information than can be obtained from individual senses alone | sensory integration |
| an illusory sense of self motion produced when you are not, in fact, moving | vection |
| change in afference caused by self-generated activity | sensory reafference |
| a neural copy of an efferent command sent from the central nervous system to the periphery | efference copy |
| change in afference caused by external stimuli | sensory exafference |
| the sensory systems, neural processes, and muscles that contribute to postural control | balance system |
| counter-rotating the eyes to counteract head movements and maintain fixation on a target | vestibulo-ocular reflexes (VORs) |
| when the head is rolled about the x-axis, the eyeballs can be rotated a few degrees in the opposite direction to compensate | torsional eye movements |
| the part of the nervous system that innervates glands, heart, digestive system, etc., and is responsible for regulating many involuntary actions | autonomic nervous system |
| results when there is a disagreement between the motion and orientation signals provided by the semicircular canals, otolith organs, and vision | motion sickness |
| a whole family of reflexes that work together to keep us from falling over | balance system |
| perception of the position and movement of our limbs in space | kinesthesia |
| the physiological structures and processes that sense the relative orientation of gravity with respect to the organism | graviception |
| an expansion of each semicircular-canal duct that includes that canal’s cupula, crista, and hair cells, where transduction occurs | ampulla |
| any of the specialized detectors of angular motion located in each semicircular canal in a swelling called the ampulla | crista |
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abbeysmith20122