S&P Ch 12
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| the set of five organs located in each inner ear that sense head motion and head orientation with respect to gravity | vestibular organs
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| what are the 5 vestibular organs? | 3 semicircular canals and 2 otolith organs
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| stabilizes visual input by counterrotating the eyes to compensate for head movement | vestibule-ocular reflex
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| any impairment of spatial orientation (i.e., our sense of linear motion, angular motion, or tilt) | spatial disorientation
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| nonspecific spatial disorientation | dizziness
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| a sensation of rotation or spinning | vertigo
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| problems with the vestibular system can lead to particular sensations like... | spatial disorientation, dizziness, vertigo, imbalance, blurred vision, illusory self-motion
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| sensing that includes self-generated probing of the environment | active sensing
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| flow from our senses to our brain | afferent signals
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| flow from our brain to our muscles | efferent commands
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| the three toroidal tubes in the vestibular system that sense angular acceleration, a change in angular velocity | semicircular canals
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| the mechanical structures in the vestibular system that sense both linear acceleration and gravity | otolith organs
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| what are the 2 otolith organs? | utricle and saccule
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| points forward, in the direction the person is facing | x-axis
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| points laterally, out of the person’s left ear | y-axis
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| points vertically, out of the top of the head | z-axis
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| a sense consisting of three interacting sensory modalities—perception of linear motion, angular motion, and tilt | spatial orientation
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| sensed when rotating head from side to side as if to say “no” | angular motion
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| sensed when accelerating or decelerating in a car | linear motion
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| sensed as orientation with respect to gravity | tilt
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| the size (increase or decrease) of a head movement (speed of our perceived motion) | amplitude
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| the line one moves along or faces, with reference to the point or region one is moving toward or facing | direction
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| movements represented in terms of changes in the x-, y-, and z-axes | linear motion / translation
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| three directions for sense of rotation- roll, pitch, yaw | angular motion / rotation
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| rotation around x-axis (e.g., cartwheels) | roll
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| rotation around y-axis (e.g., somersaults) | pitch
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| rotation around z-axis (e.g., spinning on barstool) | yaw
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| there are only two tilt directions possible for any given head orientation. what are they? | pitch tilt (forward or backward) and roll tilt (left or right)
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| the speed and direction in which something moves | velocity
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| a change in velocity | acceleration
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| any cell that has stereocilia for transducing mechanical movement in the inner ear into neural activity sent to the brain | hair cell
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| a sensory receptor that is responsive to mechanical stimulation | mechanoreceptor
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| otolith organ that contains about 30,000 hair cells | utricle
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| otolith organ that contains about 16,000 hair cells | saccule
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| otolith organs sense _____ and ______ | acceleration and tilt
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| a specialized detector of linear acceleration and gravity | macula
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| horizontal plane; sensitive to horizontal linear acceleration and gravity | utricular macula
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| vertical plane; sensitive to vertical linear acceleration and gravity | saccular macula
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| what are the 3 experimental paradigms that are typically used to investigate spatial orientation perception? | threshold estimation, magnitude estimation, matching
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| the process of combining different sensory signals; typically leads to more accurate information than can be obtained from individual senses alone | sensory integration
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| an illusory sense of self motion produced when you are not, in fact, moving | vection
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| change in afference caused by self-generated activity | sensory reafference
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| a neural copy of an efferent command sent from the central nervous system to the periphery | efference copy
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| change in afference caused by external stimuli | sensory exafference
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| the sensory systems, neural processes, and muscles that contribute to postural control | balance system
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| counter-rotating the eyes to counteract head movements and maintain fixation on a target | vestibulo-ocular reflexes (VORs)
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| when the head is rolled about the x-axis, the eyeballs can be rotated a few degrees in the opposite direction to compensate | torsional eye movements
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| the part of the nervous system that innervates glands, heart, digestive system, etc., and is responsible for regulating many involuntary actions | autonomic nervous system
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| results when there is a disagreement between the motion and orientation signals provided by the semicircular canals, otolith organs, and vision | motion sickness
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| a whole family of reflexes that work together to keep us from falling over | balance system
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| perception of the position and movement of our limbs in space | kinesthesia
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| the physiological structures and processes that sense the relative orientation of gravity with respect to the organism | graviception
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| an expansion of each semicircular-canal duct that includes that canal’s cupula, crista, and hair cells, where transduction occurs | ampulla
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| any of the specialized detectors of angular motion located in each semicircular canal in a swelling called the ampulla | crista
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