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ChE 191 Exam FS2023
Special Topics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Garrett Hardin | The trgedy of the commons published by ___ in Science magazine in 1968 |
| the tragedy of the commons | A society that permitted perfet freedom of action in activities that adversely influenced common properties was eventually doomed to failure |
| -technnology "industrial' -environment -society | The integrated system f sustainable development |
| -urbanization/industrialization-populatioon growth -increase in energy and materials use -increase in co2 releases -global warming/climate change | technology at work |
| -fossil fuel consumption -inorganic fertilizer use -industrial production | technological trends |
| Environmental impact = Population x GDP/Person x Environmental impact/Unit of GDP | The master equation |
| I = P x A x T P=P0e^Rt A= Affluence level T= availability of technology | The master equation components |
| technological evolution | As technologies evolve, they greatly increase the complexity of the systems with which industrial ecology deals |
| The Social-Ecological-Technological Systems(SETS) Conceptual Framework | focusing on linkages among broadly defined social, ecological, and technological dimensions of complex systems adapted from Depietri and McPhearson |
| -Social-Economic Domain -Ecological-Biophysical Domain -Technological-Infrastructural Domain | Dimensions of SETS |
| Carrying capacity | -in ecological terms, it is defined as the maximum number of a species that can sustainably live in a given area -It is the size at which a population can no longer grow due to lack of supporting resources |
| -Continuous growth if physical bounds are distant or growing -Sigmoidal path occurs when approaches to bounds are seen -Oscillations occur with delayed signals but rocust bounds -Collapse occurs with delays and erodable bounds | Four typical behavioral patterns for complex systems |
| Planetary Boundaries | -control variables for 9 environmental problems -science-based environmental boundaries -are global -some environmental problems are not addressed |
| UNEPS's Assertion (2002) | Western patterns of consumption is not a realistic option |
| Sustainability | is the possibility that human and other forms of life will flourish on the planet earth |
| Sustainable Development | a developmental path that can be maintained indefinitely because it is socially desirable, economically viable and ecologically sustainable |
| -what is to be sustained: nature, life support, community -what is to be developed: people,economy,society | Components of a sustainability transition |
| -establish the limiting rate of use -allocate the allowable limit -compare with permitted allocation -consider potential corrective actions | Establishing goals for sustainability |
| -establish the virgin material supply limit -allocate virgin materials supply -establish the regional "recaptureable" resource base -compare the current consumption rate to sustainable limiting rate | Quantifying sustainability |
| -deca-da -hecto-h -kilo-k -mega-M -giga-G -tera-T -peta-P -exa-E -zetta-Z -yotta-Y -ronna-R -quetta-Q | 10^1 to 10^30 |
| -deci-d -centi-c -milli-m -micro -μ -nano-n -pico-p -femto-f -atto-a -zepto-z -yocto-y -ronto-r -quecto-q | 10^-1 to 10^-30 |
| -the simplicity vs. complexity issue -the property rights issue | Issues in quantifying sustainability |
| -Ω1 Maintaining the existence of the human species -Ω2 Maintaining the capacity for sustainable development -Ω3 Maintaining the diversity of life -Ω4 Maintaining the aesthetic richness of the planet | The grand objectives of sustainability |
| Sustainability | Ultimately requires: -not using renewable resources faster than they are replenished -not using nonrenewable, nonabundant resources faster than renewable substitutes -not significantly depleting the diversity of life -not releasing pollutants faster |
| -the spatial scale of impact -the severity and/or persistence of the hazard -the degree of exposure -the degree of irreversability -the penalty for being wrong | General Criteria for Prioritizing Environmental Concerns |
| -Grand Objectives (societal consensus) -Concerns (environmental science) -activities -recommendations(industrial ecology) | conceptual sequence for sustainability-related actions |
| Industrial Ecology | The development of ___ is an attempt to provide a new conceptual framework for understanding the impacts of insutrial systems on the environment. This new framework serves to identify and implement strategies with the goal of sustainable development |
| Sustainable Development | “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” |
| -Industrial Revolution in 18 th and 19 th centuries Accelerated use of fossil fuels and natural resources -Energy Crisis in 20 th century -Envi Impacts in 21 st century | WHEN DID THE SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPT START? |
| 1987 | The World Commission on Environment and Development publishes "Our Common Future," also known as the Brundtland Report and popularized “Sustainable Development “ |
| 1988 | The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is established |
| 1992 | The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development is held in Rio de Janeiro; agreements are reached on Agenda 21 |
| 1993 | The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development is established |
| 1997 | The Earth Council convenes nongovernment organizations at the Rio+5 Forum in Rio de Janeiro |
| Millennium Summit/eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs | Member States unanimously adopted the Millennium Declaration at the ___ in September 2000 at UN Headquarters in New York. The Summit led to the elaboration of ___ to reduce extreme poverty by 2015. |
| Johannesburg Declaration /World Summit on Sustainable Development/ Agenda 21 and the Millennium Declaration | The ___on Sustainable Development and the Plan of Implementation, adopted at the ___ in South Africa in 2002, reaffirmed the global community's commitments to poverty eradication and the environment, and built on___ |
| -eradicate extreme poverty & hunger -achieve universal primary education -promote gender equality and empower women -reduce child mortality -improve maternal health -combat diseases -ensure environmental sustainability -develop a global partnrshp | 8 Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) 2000-2015 |
| “We resolve, between now and 2030, to end poverty; combat inequalities; build peacefulsocieties; protect human rights;promote gender equality and. ensureprotection of the planet ;create conditions for sustainable,economic growth;decent work for all,.” | The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development |
| -People -Prosperity -Planet -Peace -Partnership | 5 Underlying Components of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development |
| 17 Goals 169 Targets 15 Years All countries & stakeholders | The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 2015-2030 |
| -Rising Inequalities within and among countries -Depletion of natural resources -Rising population -Climate Change | Global Challenges to Sustainable Development |
| 1.no poverty 2. zero hunger 3. good health and well-being 4. quality education 5. gender equality 6. clean water and sanitation 7. affordable and clean energy 8. decent work and economic growth 9. industry, innovation and infrastructu | 17 Sustainable Development Goals (1-9) |
| 10. reduced inequalities 11. sustainable cities and communities 12. responsible consumption and production 13. climate action 14. life below water 15. life on land 16. peace, justice and strong institutions 17. partnerships for the goals | 17 Sustainable Development Goals (10-17) |
| • SET PRIORITIES NATIONAL AND LOCAL • MOBILIZE AWARENESS • BUILD ON POSITIVE INTERCONNECTIONS • DECENTRALIZE RESPONSIBILITIES • BUILD COALITIONS FOR PARTICIPATION • MONITOR AND REGULARLY REPORT PROGRESS • PUBLICIZE SUCCESSES | IMPLEMENTING THE GOALS |
| 13-1 strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate related disasters 13-2 integrate climate change measures into policies and planning (LCA application) 13-3 build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change | 13. Climate Action (Targets 1-3) |
| 13-B promote mechanisms to raise capacity for climate planning and management 13-A implement the UN framework convention on climate change | 13. Climate Action (Targets A-B) |
| Goal 13: Climate Action | Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts while United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change. |
| Climate change | ___ may be the biggest challenge of our generation. B ringing an end to extreme poverty will be impossible without tackling ___” |
| Climate change | is altering temperature, precipitation, and sea levels, and will adversely impact human and natural systems, including water resources, human settlements and health, ecosystems, and biodiversity. |
| GWP- Global Warming Potential | is a relative measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere. It compares the amount of heat trapped by a certain mass of the gas in question to the amount of heat trapped by a similar mass of carbon dioxide |
| • the absorption of infrared radiation by a given species • the spectral location of its absorbing wavelengths • the atmospheric lifetime of the species | The GWP depends on the following factors: |
| THE PARIS AGREEMENT | • a legally binding international treaty on climate change . It was adopted by 196 Parties at COP 21 in Paris, on 12 December 2015 and entered into force on 4 November 2016. |
| THE PARIS AGREEMENT | • It sets out a global framework to avoid dangerous climate change by limiting global warming to well below 2 C and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5 C. |
| NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS (NDCs) | In 2020, countries submitted their plans for climate action known as ___ |
| • Contributing towards research & development • Encouraging greater industry adoption of decarbonization strategies • Promotion of sustainability policies and their enforcement | As chemical engineers, we can be the enablers of decarbonization through: |
| Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure | SDG9 |
| SDG 9 | Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive ans sustainable industrialization and foster innovation |
| United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) | is the specialized agency of the United Nations that promotes industrial development for poverty reduction, inclusive globalization and environmental sustainability. |
| inclusive and sustainable industrial development (ISID) | The mission of UNIDO is to promote and accelerate ___in Member States. |
| 1st Industrial Revolution | Use of steam power and mechanization of production |
| 2nd Industrial Revolution | Assembly lines and the use of oil, gas and electric power |
| 3rd industrial revolution | Added computers, advanced telecom and data analysis to manufacturing processes. The digitization of factories began by embedding programmable logic controllers (PLCs) into machinery to help automate some processes and collect and share data |
| 4th industrial revolution | Automation of traditional manufacturing and industrial practices, using modern smart technology. |
| • even more automation , • the bridging of the physical and digital world • a shift from a central industrial control system to one, • closed loop data models and control systems and • personalization/customization of products. | Industry 4.0 It is characterized by, among others: |
| Industry 4.0 | The goal is to enable autonomous decision making processes, monitor assets and processes in real time , and enable equally real time connected value creation networks through early involvement of stakeholders, and vertical and horizontal integration. |
| Industry 4.0 | At the very core,___ includes the (partial) transfer of autonomy and autonomous decisions to cyber physical systems and machines, leveraging information systems. |
| -outsourcing and in-shoring -nature of jobs -demand for STEAM qualifications -production systems and glocal value chains -material resources and energy consumption | Major Impacts of Industry 4.0 |
| Global Innovation Index (GII) = 31.56/100 Global Rank = 73/126 LMIC Rank = 9/30 SEA Rank = 6/8 | Where does PH stand? |
| -Leveraging Technologies to capitalize on innovations -Putting in place fundamental institutions -Investing in the People of today and the future | T.I.P. |
| Industrial Ecology (IE) | is not limited within the domain of factory walls, but extends to all the impacts on the plant resulting from the presence and actions of human beings. |
| Industrial Ecology (IE) | Technological: As applied in manufacturing, ___involves the design of industrial processes, products, and services from the perspectives of product competitiveness, environmental concerns, and society. |
| Industrial Ecology (IE) | Sociological: recognizes that human culture, individual choice, and societal institutionsplay major roles in defining the interactions between our technological society and the environment. |
| Industrial System | is embedded within the natural world |
| Industrial Ecology (IE) | is the means by which humanity can deliberately approach and maintain sustainability, given continued economic, cultural, and technological evolution. |
| Industrial Ecology (IE) | The concept requires that an industrial system be viewed not in isolation from its surrounding systems, but in concert with them. |
| systems view | IE is a ___ in which one seeks to optimize the total materials cycle from virgin material, to finished material, to component, to product, to obsolete product, and to ultimate disposal. |
| CYCLIC rather than LINEAR | IE’s view of a process |
| ENGINEERING | Regarded as the specialty that employs scientific principles to achieve practical ends. |
| GREEN ENGINEERING | is the design, commercialization, and use of engineering solutions, viewed from the perspective of human and environmental health. Centers on minimizing pollution and risk as a consequence of product manufacture and product use |
| SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING | • Social and environmental considerations • Information about limits and goals |
| SE/IE | ___ provide a template for the environmentally and societally sustainable redesign of the modern world __can be regarded as the operational arm of __ |
| Technology is: -uncertain -progressive -analytical -cumulative -systemic -embedded -accelerating | Characteristics of Modern Technology |
| ▪ Technology is uncertain | the best solution is never obvious, and experimentation is vital |
| ▪ Technology is progressive | (change occurs by evolution and transformation) |
| ▪ Technology is analytical | (measures actions and new ideas) |
| Technology is cumulative | (builds on previous knowledge and existing capabilities) |
| Technology is systemic | (interdependence of technologies is required for progress) |
| ▪ Technology is embedded | (technology sits within natural systems) |
| Technology is accelerating | (the waves of technological transitions are ever shorter) |
| Mimic nature(Biomimicry) Circular Economy Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Environmental Footprint | IE and SE sprang from a few concepts |
| IE/SE is: -adaptive -quantitative -designed in -evolutionary -encompassing -ecologically integrated -looks to the future | Characteristics of IE and SE |
| BIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY | • the study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and their interactions with the physical world |
| INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY | • the study of technological organisms, their use of resources, their potential environmental impacts, and the ways in which their interactions with the natural world could be restructured to enable global sustainability. |
| ORGANISM | an entity internally organized to maintain vital functions |
| BIOLOGICAL ORGANISM | • Capable of independent activity • Utilizes energy and material resources • Capable of reproduction • Responds to external stimuli • Originated as one cell |
| INDUSTRIAL ORGANISM (Factory context) | • Factories undertake many independent activities on their own behalf (e.g. acquisition of materials, transformation of resources, etc.) • Uses energy to transform materials into new forms suitable for use. |
| resource utilization/ life cycle | The key signature of an organism, biological or industrial, is that it is involved in ___ after, as well as during, its own manufacture; as well as its___. |
| ecosystem | An___is the sum total of the organisms in a functioning space, together with their physical environment. |
| Industrial ecology | ___ is to change the linear nature of our industrial system, where raw materials are used and products, by-products, and wastes are produced, to a cyclical system where the wastes are reused as energy or raw materials for another produce or process. |
| Type I biological ecology | OPEN SYSTEM Linear material flows in |
| Type II biological ecology | CLOSED SYSTEM Quasicyclic materials flows in |
| Type III biological ecology | CLOSED SYSTEM Cyclic materials flows in |
| LANDFILLS | ___IN ECOSYSTEM’S VIEWPOINT CANNOT BE RECOMMENDED ▪ They are expensive to maintain; they mix materials, which makes their recovery and reuse difficult; and they tend to leak |
| Evolution | is the central organizing principle of modern biology and biological ecology. |
| “tree of life”, | The origin and modification of species has been pictures as the ___ with the different organisms being regarded as descended from organisms lower on the tree of life as themselves. |
| random genetic variation, changes in local ecosystem structure, and changes in environmental pressures and constraints. | Evolution is driven by: |
| -no primary producer -no products -no markets - random variations/directed invention | Critics to BE/IE Analogy (Robert Ayres, 2004) |
| Metabolism | ▪ The aggregate of all physical and chemical processes taking place with an organism or group of organism |
| metabolism | Unlike the study of organism, which is centered on attributes (size, lifetime, etc.), ___ is centered on processes taking place within organism. |
| 1. Identify and quantify inputs and outputs 2. Identify and understand pathways, or internal chemical transformation sequences, that occur | Characterizing an Organism’s Metabolism |
| INDUSTRIAL METABOLITE | - an intermediate product in the transformation of resources into final products. It can also be termed “parts,” “subassemblies,” and so on. |
| INDUSTRIAL ENZYME | an industrial process or piece of equipment that results in a transformation, also termed “reactor,” “milling machine,” “lathe,” and so on. |
| INDUSTRIAL PATHWAY | the sequence of transformations that convert resources into final products. |
| Materials Resource Planning (MRP) | A form of metabolic analysis wherein software programs link production schedules with “bills of materials” (sources of materials information on every part and component) files, inventory status files, and materials requirement files. |
| Materials Resource Planning (MRP) | ▪ This approach has enabled businesses to more efficiently manage manufacturing so as to “build to order” rather than “build to stock”. |
| enterprise resource planning (ERP) tools | Analytical (software) approaches that encompass the entire suite of considerations (e.g. financial system, labor, management, and so on) are termed “___” and are in extensive use in industry. |
| tracking of individual materialsand the environmental impacts arising from the transformations within the facility | two aspects of an industrial metabolism that are not currently part of MRPs or ERPs are the |
| The biological focus | is on how substances are changed, what the products of the change may be, and what regulatory mechanisms direct the system. |
| Th industrial ecology focus | is more toward mass flows in the system and understanding how a disruption to one part of the system ripples through the system as a whole. |
| Metabolic information | is seen to feed the industrial networks and thus to enable pathway analysis. |
| Risk | ▪ the probability of suffering harm from a hazard ▪ a reflection of a problematic world in which the future cannot be known with certainty. |
| hazards | ▪ In environmental circles, the ___are usually defined as impacts to human health or the environment, but in a broader social sense they include economic, social, cultural, and psychological impacts as well. |
| OBJECTIVE & SUBJECTIVE | 2 DIMENSIONS OF RISK |
| The objective dimension | is quantitative and is frequently captured through a series of algorithmic methodologies: the engineering of complex systems, evaluating the toxicology of a new substance, or assessing the potential economic implications of a course of action |
| The subjective dimension | ▪ is not capable of being reduced to numbers, but in practice often outweighs more objective approaches. ▪ Most stakeholder groups tend to evaluate risk |
| ASSESSMENT COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT | THREE STEPS IN THE SEQUENCE OF RISK ANALYSIS |
| 1. Hazard Identification 2. Delivered Dose 3. Probability of an undesirable effect as a result of the delivered dose 4. Determination of the exposed population 5. Characterization | Risk Assesment Five Stages |
| where I is the total risk impact, N is the number of individuals exposed, and P(d) is the probability, P, that the indicated dose, d, will cause the effect. | Characterization: I = NP(d) epsilon/alpha/beta/integral(N(t)P(di)dt) |
| Comprehensive risk assessment (CRA) CRA = B + A + G | models are based on the recognition that there are qualitatively different categories of risk associated with environmental concerns. |
| -damage to biological systems in general and humans in particular. (B) -risks that aesthetically degrade the environment but may or may not damage biological systems(A) -risks involving damage to fundamental planetary systems(G) | Three risk categories: |
| RISK COMMUNICATION | The stage during which the risk assessment results are made known to interested communities, organizations, and individuals. |
| RISK MANAGEMENT | ▪ The final step in a structured basis for risk-related regulatory decisions or policy formulation is ___. |
| COMPREHENSIVE POLICY SUPPORT ASSESSMENT (CPSA) CPSA = CRA + E + C | ▪ integrates the CRA with economic and cultural considerations |
| TEMPORAL SCALE CULTURAL CONSTRUCTS SOCIAL ECOLOGY CONSUMPTION GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNANCE LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONCERNS ECONOMICS AND INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY DISCOUNT RATES GREEN ACCOUNTING | The Social Dimensions of Industrial Ecology |
| Stability | is generally assumed to be a desirable property of social and cultural frameworks. |
| CULTURAL CONSTRUCTS | These are ideas that are invented for certain purposes within a society but soon begin to seem unquestionable, especially as they are embedded in ideological structures. |
| ▪ Social ecology | is a branch of the social sciences and of industrial ecology. ▪ It can be defined as the study of societies and their evolutionary behavior from the perspective of societal use of energy and materials. |
| ▪ Consumption | is the human and human-induced transformation of materials and energy. |
| ▪ Sustainable consumption | is a pattern of human activities that satisfy basic needs, offer humans the freedom to develop their potential and are replicable across the planet without significantly compromising Earth’s ongoing natural processes. |
| ▪ “REBOUND EFFECT” | – a consumption issue in which a consumption decision that seems beneficial stimulates behavior that neutralizes the decision (e.g. better fuel efficiency car in turns result to more driving hours) |
| ▪ Governance | is the process by which societies implement their values, usually through decision making, allocating and monitoring power, and verifying performance, to address issues such as the common-pool resource limitations. |
| nation-state | ▪ In today’s world, the most important governance mechanism remains the ___ |
| “command-and-control” approach. | ▪ Environmental regulation has thus traditionally focused on specific phenomena and adopted the so-called___ |
| INTRAGENERATIONAL EQUITY INTERGENERATIONAL EQUITY FLEXIBILITY OF LEGAL TOOLS REGULATORY MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE DETERMINING APPROPRIATE JURISDICTION LEVEL | number of fundamental legal issues |
| Economics | is perhaps the most powerful discipline in terms of its capability to shape policy. |
| ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS | classical economics attempts to encompass relevant aspects of the natural world within which human society exists. |
| ▪ HUMAN CAPITAL METHOD ▪ COST OF ILLNESS METHOD ▪ PREVENTIVE/MITIGATIVE EXPENDITURE ▪ WAGE DIFFERENTIATION METHOD ▪ CONTINGENT VALUATION METHOD ▪ SURROGATE ACTIONS METHOD | A number of tools or valuation methods have been developed to quantify difficult phenomenon |
| Discount rates | ▪ Standard economic analysis asserts that money today is worth more than the same amount of money tomorrow because of inflation and the returns over time that can be anticipated if the money is invested. |
| A = V(1+i)^(-t) | This is expressed by applying a “discount rate” to future returns as compared to current returns. |
| GREEN ACCOUNTING | Develop managerial accounting systems that break out such environmental costs, assign them to the causative activity, and thus permit their rational management. |
| SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING, | in the broadest sense, makes resources useful in ways that provide for future generations as well as our own. |
| 0. Feedstocks: Organic - PetroChE / Inorganic - mining eng 1.Organic building blocks - che 2.Polymers, drugs, etc., - chemists, che 3. Inorganic building blocks - metalE 4. Alloys, composites, etc. -matsci 5. Product Fabrication - AE, CE,EE,ME | THE INDUSTRIAL SEQUENCE |
| 1. Typical Lifetimes 2. Serving the final customer or other professionals | Engineering specialties differ on: |
| Green chemistry (GC) | is the design of chemical products and processes in ways that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. |
| efficiency, discourages the formation of by-products and waste, promotes an informed choice of starting materials and solvents, minimizes the use of energy, and avoids/minimizes risk. | the principles of green chemistry encourages |
| Green engineering (GE) | is the design and implementation of engineering solutions that take environmental issues into account throughout the life cycle of the design. |
| • Attain desired tech outcomes. • Ensure precise manufacturing • Maximize efficiency • Develop a reliable process. • Prioritize worker safety in the process. • Create a modular, upgradable design. • Minimize initial and operating costs. | Typical goals of an Industrial Process Designer |
| • Prevent pollution • Reduce risk to the environment • Perform process design from a life cycle perspective | Additional goals with SE perspective of an Industrial Process Designer |
| Prevent Waste Maximize Materials Low Toxicity Methods Preserve Efficacy Avoid Auxiliaries Minimize Energy Use Use Renewable Materials Limit Derivatization Selective Catalysis Design Degradability Monitor Safety Minimize Hazards | 12 PRINCIPLES OF GREEN CHEMISTRY |
| Nonhazardous Inputs Prevent Waste Minimize Energy Maximize Efficiency Output-Pulled Embedded Complexity Durability Avoid Capacity Minimize Material Diversity Integrate Energy Flows Design Afterlife Performance Prioritize Renewable Inputs | 12 PRINCIPLES OF GREEN ENGINEERING |
| 1. Passive - ignore pollution 2. Reactive - dilution and dispersion 3. Constructive - end-of-pipe treatment 4.Proactive - cleaner production | RESPONSES OF INDUSTRIES TO POLLUTION |
| POLLUTION PREVENTION (P^2) | • Sometimes termed as “cleaner production” • The objective of this activity is to reduce impacts or risk of impacts to employees, local communities, and the environment at large by preventing pollution where it is first generated. |
| P^2 OR CLEANER PRODUCTION (UNEP Definition) | is the continuous application of an integrated, preventive environmental strategy towards processes, products and services in order to increase overall efficiency and reduce damage and risks for humans and the environment.” |
| • Cost of waste • Liability • Disasters • Competition • Market Forces • Public Perception • Dwindling Resources | DRIVERS FOR CLEANER PRODUCTION |
| Product redesign | to maximize recycleability to lower toxicity to increase product lifetime to use minimal/better packaging |
| Green chemistry | redesigning chemical manufacturing processes to mimic synthesis in nature |
| renewable feedstocks | sugar crops for fuel (ethanol), chemical, plastics, etc. |
| servicizing | providing service rather than a product |
| extended producer responsibility | producer takes back product for recycling/reassemble/resource recovery |
| eco-innovation | reconsider processes/products to maximise resource efficiencies and design-out wastes. -Re-design -Re-imagine |
| 1. CHANGE IN INPUT MATERIALS 2. TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE 3. GOOD HOUSEKEEPING 4. PRODUCT CHANGE 5. ON-SITE REUSE | PROCESS ELEMENTS FOR CLEANER PRODUCTION |
| • Better Process Control • Equipment Modification • Energy Efficiency • Waste-to-Product | OTHER CLEANER PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES |
| Industrial processes | ___have life cycles, and green engineering approaches should treat all stage of those cycles, not just the operational stage. |
| 1a. resource provisioning 1b. process implementation 2a. primary process operation 2b. complementary process operation 3. refurbishment, recycling, disposal | THE PROCESS LIFE CYCLE |
| The Pugh Selection Matrix The House of Quality Design for X | CONCEPTUAL TOOLS FOR PRODUCT DESIGNERS |
| THE PUGH SELECTION MATRIX | is designed to display the characteristics of a potential product design and to assess how well those characteristics are met by current products of the corporation, by competing products, and by alternative new designs. |
| THE HOUSE OF QUALITY | • An alternative or supplement to Pugh Selection Matrix |
| DESIGN FOR X (DfX) | • “design under constraints” • Provides designers with a substantial range of things to attempt to optimize simultaneously |
| -Assembly (A) - Compliance (C) - Disassembly (D) - Environment and Sustainability (ES) - Manufacturability (M) - Material Logistics and Component Applicability (MC) - Reliability (R) - Safety and Liability Prevention (SL) -Servicability (S) | DESIGN FOR X (DfX) X may be a number of design attributes, such as: - Testability (T) |
| core team 1. Team Leader 2. Manufacturing Engineer 2. Packaging Engineer 3. Electronics Designer 4. Mechanical Designer 5. Industrial Designer 6. Environmental Professional extended team 7. Finance 8. sales 9. legal 10. packaging | STRUCTURE OF A TYPICAL DESIGN TEAM FOR AN ELECTROMECHANICAL PRODUCT |
| Idea Concept 1 Prelim. Design 2 Mature design 3 Development 4 Manufacture 5 Sales & Use Recycling | THE PRODUCT REALIZATION PROCESS |
| 1. inviolates list 2. checklists: design guidance 3. flowcharts: SLCA 4. Material Balance: LCA 5. Energy, water, waste audits | PRP Gate 1-5 |
| 70% | of the cost of product development, manufacture and use are decided in early design stages (1991 National Research Council Report entitled Improving Engineering Design) |
| Functionality and performance (product must do the job) Manufacturability, logistics (one should be able to make the product) Reliability, safety (there must be some quality standards) Cost, market penetration | MAJOR DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS • Industrial designers need to mind: |
| Design for: -Manufacturability (DfM) -Logistics (DfL) -Testability (DfT) -Pricing (DfP) -Safety & Liability (DfSL) -Reliability (DfR) -Serviceability (DfS) -Environment (DfE) | The various levels of DESIGN |
| 1. Product or process? 2. At which level? | Major Questions arising in Design for Environment |
| • Technological (alternative is not technically feasible) • Cost of research and development • Risk associated with the unknowns • Corporate Inertia (“Don’t mess with the success”) | Barriers to Process Changes |
| • Technological (alternative is not technically feasible) • Ergonomic, Safety (alternative may be a misfit or unsafe) • Societal (people may not be prepared for the alternative) | Barriers to Product Changes |
| • CHOOSING MATERIALS • COMBINING MATERIALS • PRODUCT DELIVERY • THE PRODUCT USE PHASE • THE DESIGN FOR RE-USE AND RECYCLE | Entire Life Cycle Considerations under DfE |
| -must separate -should separate -don't separate | 3 possible decisions in combining materials |
| • No packaging • Minimal packaging • Consumable, returnable, or refillable/reusable packaging • Recyclable packaging (provide recycling information) | SUGGESTED ORDER OF PRECEDENCE FOR APPROACHES IN PACKAGING |
| 1. design for simplicity 2. consider the fate of hazardous materials 3. don't join material that makes separation difficult | Approaches to Design for Recycling ( DfR) Requirement or preference to products incorporating DfR philosophy |
| • Product wear out life • Technology cycle • Number of parts • Design cycle | Important Factors in End of Life Strategies |
| -Closed loop recycling -Open loop recycling | Two approaches to recycling |
| 1. Global Warming from Fossil Fuels 2. Poor Governance 3. Food Waste 4. Biodiversity Loss 5. Plastic Pollution 6. Deforestation 7. Air Pollution | 14 Biggest Environmental Problems of 2023 (1-7) |
| 8. Melting Ice Caps & Sea Level Rise 9. Ocean Acidification 10. Agriculture 11. Food and Water Insecurity 12. Fast Fashion and Textile Waste 13. Overfishing 14. Cobalt Mining | 14 Biggest Environmental Problems of 2023 (7-14) |
| • The Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) | aims to ambitiously limit global warming to 1.5˚C, which is equivalent to reducing CO2 emissions to zero (net-zero) by 2050. |
| CIRCULAR ECONOMY SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION | Two Emerging Concepts to Address World’s Environmental Problems |
| The circular economy | is a systems solution framework that tackles global challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, waste, and pollution. An effective strategy to mitigate climate change and conserve our natural resources (resource efficiency) |
| The Butterfly Diagram: | Visualizing CE |
| Eliminate Waste Pollution Circulate products and materials (at their highest values) Regenerate nature | Circular Economy is based on 3 Principles, driven by design: |
| circular economy | __ is underpinned by a transition to renewable energy and materials. A___ decouples economic activity from the consumption of finite resources. It is a resilient system that is good for business, people and the environment. |
| Industrial ecosystem | In an ___, the consumption of energy and materials is optimized, waste generation is minimized, and the effluents from one process serve as the raw material for another (R.A. Frosch and N. Gallopoulos) |
| Industrial symbiosis | engages traditionally separate industries in a collective approach to competitive advantage involving physical exchange of materials, energy, water and/or by products. The keys to ___ are collaboration and the synergistic possibilities. (M. Chertow) |
| -By-product exchanges -utility/infrastructure sharing -Joint provision of services | THREE PRIMARY OPPORTUNITIES FOR INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS |
| The Food Flagship initiative | has adopted a vision for a food system fit for the future that allows both nature and people to thrive. The vision involves reimagining how food is produced and consumed, while never being wasted. |
| A vision for food in London | Source food sustainably, prioritizing agroecological practices and local options. Boost availability of nutritious and eco-friendly food choices in menus. Minimize avoidable food waste, recycle unavoidable waste for productive purposes. |
| 1. It regenerates natural systems 2. It combats climate change 3. It can improve access to nutritious food 4. It can support local communities 5. It saves money and creates value | 5 Benefits of a CE for Food |
| Hello Tractor,Mint Innovation, S4S Technologies | Some innovations accelerating the transition to a circular economy |
| Hello Tractor | runs a tractor contracting platform in emerging markets by connecting farmers to fleet owners through an IoT-enabled software. |
| Mint Innovation | has provided low-cost and sustainable processes to recover valuable precious metals from |
| S4S Technologies | converts farm food waste to value added products using their patented solar-powered dehydration technology, so that farmers and rural women can preserve their produce for up to a year without chemicals. |
| Evaluate Employmen t Impact Compare waste reduction against the resource impact of recycling Don’t forget soaring levels of consumptio n | How to Keep CE on Track |
| closed-loop system, circular design | Long story short, the current system is reaching its limits. Among others, the circular economy proposes a ___ and more sustainable production and consumption pattern. |
| Paragraph 28 of the 2030 Agenda | must contribute to changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns, |
| Poverty Eradication Management of Natural Resources Sustainable Consumption & Production | JOHANNESBURG PLAN OF IMPLEMENTATION |
| 10- year framework of programme (10YFP) on sustainable consumption and production patterns | At the Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012, Heads of State converged around the idea that fundamental changes in our production and consumption patterns are indispensable to achieving long-term sustainable development. |
| Sustainable Public Procurement, Consumer Information for SCP, Sustainable Tourism, Sustainable Lifestyles and Education, Sustainable Buildings and Construction, and Sustainable Food Systems. | 10YFP consists of six programmes: |
| SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION (SCP) | Use of goods and services that respond to basic needs and bring a better quality of life, while minimizing the use of natural resources, toxic materials and emissions of waste and pollutants over the life cycle -holistic approach & systemic change |
| Decoupling environmental degradation from economic growth Applying life cycle thinking Sizing opportunities for developing countries and “leapfrogging” | Three Main Objectives of SCP |
| Philippine Extended Producer Responsibility Act of 2022 or Republic Act No. 11898 | AN ACT INSTITUTIONALIZING THE EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY ON PLASTIC PACKAGING WASTE, AMENDING FOR THIS PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE “ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000” |
| Republic Act No. 11898 | Policy in PH promoting SCP |
| extended producer responsibility (EPR) | shall refer to the environmental policy approach and practice that requires preoducers to be environmentally responsible throughout the life cycle of a product, especially its post-consumer or end-of-life stage |
| Sustainability | -the capcity to endure -development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Brundtland Commission) |
| Life cycle management | -aims to inetegrate environmental aspects into industrial processes -seeks to increase the competitiveness by exmining strenths and weaknesses |
| the sustainability framework | describes a scheme where sustainability is achieved through the use of life cycle approaches |
| Life Cyle Thinking (LCT) | is about going beyond the traditional focus on production site and manufacturing processes to include environmental, social and economic impacts of a product over its entire life cycle |
| -reduce a product's resource use and emisions to the environment -improve socio-economic performance | main goals of LCT: |
| -no natural resourced extracted -no material sent to landfill or released as emissions -only input: energy consumed | Ideal "Sustainable" World: closed loop |
| Life cycle assessment: "cradle-to-grave approach" | -a technique to assess environmental, social and economic impacts associated with all stages of a product's life -decision-support tool for optimizing available solutions |
| Life cycle thinking/ LCA | ___ is the GOAL while ___ is an APPROACH in achieving the goal |
| Life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) E-LCA + LCC + S-LCA = LCSA | referes to the evaluation of all environmental, social and economic negative impacts and benefits in decision-making processes towards more sustainable products throughout their life-cycle |
| Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (E-LCA) | normally referred to as LCA, is a technique that aims at addressing the environmental aspects of a product and their potential environmental impacts throughout that product's life cycle |
| Life Cycle Costing (LCC) | a compilation and assessment of all costs related to a product, over its entire life cycle, from production to use, maintenance and disposal |
| Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) | a social impact (and potential impact) assessment technique that aims to assess the social and socio-economic aspects of products and their potential positive and negative impacts along their life cycle |
| Environmental LCA (e-LCA) | a tool to evaluate the environmental consequences of a product or activity holistically across its entire life |
| LCA | technique for assessing environmental aspects and potential impacts throught a product/service's life cycle from raw material acquisition through production, use and disposal |
| Product system | a collection of unit processes with elementary and product flows, performing one or more defined functions, that models the life cycle of a product |
| Philippine Climate Change Commission | is the lead policy-making body of the government tasked to coordinate programs and ensure mainstreaming of climate change |
| Goal | -purpose/reasons to be carried out -intended application/decision to support an intended audience -whether the results will be used in comparative assertions released publicly |
| Scope | sufficiently well defined to ensure compatibility and reliability |
| -descriptive mode of LCA or attributional LCA -change-oriented mode of LCA or consequential lca | 2 LCA method system modelling approach |
| descriptive mode of LCA or attributional LCA | -approach in which inputs and outputs are attributed to the functional unit of a product system by linking and/or partitioning the unit processess of the system accdg to normative rule |
| change-oriented mode of LCA or consequential lca | approach w/c activities in a product system are linked so that activities are included in the product system to the extent that they are expected to change as a consequence of a change in demand for the functional unit. |
| the consequential approach | investigate the consequences of a change compared to a baseline |
| function | is a service provided by a product/product system or a unit process |
| functional unit | is the "quantified performance of a product system for use as a reference unit" |
| functional unit | a quantified description of the function of a product.Provides a reference to which input and output relate -quantifies the function |
| reference flows | measure of product components and materials needed to fulfill the function |
| system boundary | set of criteria specifying which unit processes are part of a product system |
| product system | collections of unit processes, elementary flows, and product flows |
| cut-off criteria/cut-off | threshold by w/c you can exclude inputs and outputs; but it should be clearly stated in the assumption, and explanation on the ___ effect must be explained in the results |
| allocation | partioning the input &output flows of a process or a product system btw the product system under study and one or more of the other product systems |
| no allocation | allocation in a typical single product unit process. with only one product, obvious and direct connection between that product and its input and output flows |
| -process subdivision -redefining the unit analysis -system expansion | methods to avoid allocation |
| -physical allocation -economic allocation-other relationships | allocation method |
| Life Cycle Incentory (LCI) Analysis | phase of the life cycle assessment involving the compilation and the quantification of inputs and outputs for a product throughout itslife cycle |
| -Draw flow chart (simplified & detailed) -Collect data (resource use, emissions) -Build model of product system -Calculate resource use and emissions | Main parts of LCI Analysis |
| inventory | catalog of flows entering and leaving the system |
| -temporal -geographical -technology -sources -precision and accuracy -uncertainty(and reliability) -completeness | Fundamental expectations of needed data: |
| -administrative data - 53.04 tons cane/ha -residual/primary data - survey -LCA databases - US NREL LCI dtabase | Data Sources |
| carbbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) | the total set of greenhouse gas emissions caused by an individual, event, organisation, or product, expressed as ___ |
| Scope 1 aka Direct GHG | emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the organization |
| -Stationary combustion - fossil fuels for comfort heating -Mobile Combustion - fossil fuels for vehicles -Process Emissions - manufacturing -Fugitive emissions - unintentional | Scope I |
| Bio-sequestration | used to increasingly offset carbon emissions. planting trees with the notion that the emissions will be sequestered in plants as carbon -presupposes a sound knowledge of biomass cycles in the land and plants that are offset |
| Carbon offsets "Carbon Neutral" | neutralize their emissions |
| Scope 2 aka energy indirect GHG | defined as ‘emissions from the consumption of purchased electricity, steam, or other sources of energy (e.g. chilled water) generated upstream from the organization’. |
| Scope 3 are also referred to as Other Indirect GHG , | as ‘emissions that are a consequence of the operations of an organization, but are not directly owned or controlled by the organization’. |
| Scope 1, 2, 3 | Types of GHG Emissions |
| Scope 3 GHG | it is evident that___ are by far the largest component of most organizations’ carbon footprint. |
| 450 kg /ha / 53.04 tons cane /ha / 0.0481 ton molasses produced/ton cane / (245 L bioethanol/ton molasses)= 0.72 kg/L bioethanol | How many Ammonium Phosphate required to produce 1 L of bioethanol? |
| 0.5 kg lime / L kg raw sugar X 1.84 L kg raw sugar /ton cane / 0.0481 ton molasses produced/ton cane / 245 L bioethanol/ton molasses = 0.078 kg lime / L bioethanol | How many Lime required to produce 1 L of bioethanol? |
| 100,000 L/day / 245 L bioethanol/ton molasses / 0.0481 ton molasses produced/ton cane X 20 km = 169,714.46 tons cane km per day | : You will be asked with TKM (ton km) or the total weight of raw material that you would carry to deliver 100,000 L/day bioethanol and the travel distance (for this case from sugarcane field to sugarmill |
| = Economic Value of Product A/ Total Economic Value of All Products | Carbon Allocation Factor of Product A |
| = Carbon Allocation Factor of Product A X Total Carbon Footprint of the System | Carbon Footprint of Product A |
| Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) | phase of life cycle assessment aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and significance of the potential environmental impacts for a product system thoughout its life cycle of the product |
| -Centrum Milieukunde Leiden (CML) -Eco-indicator 95 guide -PRe Consultants -ReCiPe | LCIA Methodologies |
| Centrum Milieukunde Leiden (CML) | LCA guide marked a breakthrough in the scientific foundation of LCA methodology in 1992 |
| Eco-indicator 95 guide | dutch innovation which was enhanced by Pre Consultants |
| PRe Consultants | is fully and privately owned by the management which has built a worldwide reputation as leader in environmental impact assessment, with their state-of-the-art methodology and tools |
| ReCiPe | was created by RIVM, Radboud University, Norwegian University of Science and Technology and Pre Consultants |
| ReCiPe | Combined midpoint and endpoint approach |
| Mid-point level | impact modelling technique of certain substance on the environment up to the changes in the natural environment aspects |
| End-point level | impact modelling technique of a certain substance on the environment up to the damage effect on the environmental aspects |
| -human health - DALY -Ecosystem Degradation - PDF.m^2.years -Resource depletion - MJ surplus energy (kg.ton) | Representation of the main unit measure for areas of impact |
| DALY (Disability Adjusted Life Years) DALLY = YLD + YLL = (IxDWxL) + (NxL) I-number of incident cases DW-disability weight L-ave. duration of case N- death number L-standard life expectancy | represent the total amount of healthy life list to all causes (whether from premature mortality or from degree of disability |
| PDF.m^2.years | potentially disappeared fraction |
| Resource Depletion (MJ) | measure the additional energy needed to extract a natural resource which is increasing as a consequence of progressive depletion. |
| Air, Soil, Water, Resources | Impact categories |
| Selection of impact categories, category indicators and characterization model Classification: assignment of life cycle inventory results Characterization: calculation of category indicator results Results: indicator, LCA | LCIA: ISO Standards elements |
| Normalization | calculation of magnitude of category indicators to reference information |
| Normalization Grouping Weighing | LCIA: ISO Standards optional elements |
| Classification | Assignment of emissions to impact categories according to their potential effects What does this emission contribute to |
| characterization | t he calculation of indicator results ___ involves the conversion of LCI results to common units. This conversion uses ___ factors. The outcome of the calculation is a numerical indicator result. How much does it contribute? |
| Characterisation factor: | factor derived from a characterization model which is applied to convert an assigned life cycle inventory analysis result to the common unit of the category indicator |
| IR(cat) = Sum(mi.EFi) mi - emitted quantity EFi - conversion factor n - number of flow | equivalent result for a specific impact category expressed in equivalents |
| weighting aka single point methods (ecopoints) | is the process of converting indicator results of different impact categories by using numerical factors based on value choices. |
| -monetary results -comparative-scientific and policy targets -expert based | Weighting can be based on |
| is the LCA phase which quanti/qualitatatively identifies, checks and evaluates the outcomes of LCI and LCIA steps concerning goal and scope. -gives conclusions and recommendations -iterative | |
| 1. Completeness check 2.Consistency check 3. Snesitivity check 4.Identifying significant issues 5. Conclusions, Limitations, Recommendations | Interpretation Steps: ISO Standards |
| Completeness check | securing that the obtained results are indeed ready for interpretation |
| consistency check | ensure no overlaps flag the data with uncertainty |
| Sensitivity analysis | the procedure in w/c the values of variables are changed to verify the consequent effects on the output values |
| Uncertainty | the discrepancy btw a measured or calculated quantity and the true value of that quantity |
| Monte Carlo Simulation Approach | uncertainty analysis quantitative method that is most widely used |
| Breakeven analysis | method used to calibrate uncertaint related decisions btw 2 or more alternatives, by determining which input values lead to the same output for the alternatives |
| 1. What is likely to happen? 2. What can happen? 3. How can a well-defined target be reached? | Scenario Analysis' main questions: |
| hotspot | life cycle stage whose contribution to the impact category is greater than the even distribution of that impact across the life cycle stages |
| hotspot analysis | life cycle stage/s that contribute to the impact results w/ a large contribution to one or several impact categories |
| use of existing literature | literature sources w/ similar study goal |
| conclusive | If the study is deemed ___, conclusions, limitations and recommendation should be provided to the decision makers and stakeholders |
| -no single, accepted method -data reliability and quality is questionable -models based on assumptions -problem boundaries are arbitrary -uncertainty is everywhere -comparisons between studies is difficult -Scale issues | criticisms/limitations of LCA |
| Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) | is a tool to assess the potential environmental impacts of products, systems or services at all stages in their life cycle |
| -Goal and Scope -LCA Inventory: mass and energy balances -Impact Assessment -Analysis and Interpretation | Major parts of LCA |
| Impact assessment | identifying the future potential consequences of a current or proposed action |
| -choice of boundaries -choice of allocation methods -valuation of impact categories | LCA studies have many subjective components (beware): |
| -systemic approach - btw life cycle stages -multi-indicators approach - btw impacts | LCA takes a Life Cycle Perspective |
| LCA is quantitative | LCA -can be used to compare envi impacts -can be used to judge which products are better for envi |
| LCA is based on Science | -quantification of potential impacts of LCA is rooted in natural science -flows are generally based on measurements -models of the relationships |
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