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PsychologyExam3
Ch. 9-13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| An automatic biological unfolding of development in an organism as a function of the passage of time. Zygote and fertilization | Maturation |
| differentiation and organogenesis. A developing human between 2 weeks and 3 months after conception. | Embryo |
| A developing human between 3 months after conception and birth. | Fetus |
| (qualitatively unique stages of cognitive development). Most influential theorist in the area of cognitive development was the Swiss psychologist. He observed and studied children and as a result of his observations, he believed that cognitive developme | Piaget |
| Stage of cognitive development between birth and 2 years of age in which the individual develops object permanence ( an awareness that objects continue to exist even when out of sight) and acquires the ability to form mental representations (form objects | Sensor-Motor |
| Egocentric, illogical, nonconserving, irreversibility. Stage of cognitive development between 2 and 7 years of age in which the individual becomes able to use mental representations and language to describe, remember, and reason about the world, though o | Pre-operational |
| The emergence of logical reasoning. Stage of cognitive development between 7 and 11 years of age in which the individual can attend to more than one thing at a time and understand someone else’s point of view, though thinking is limited to concrete matte | Concrete Operations |
| The emergence of abstract and more flexible reasoning. Stage of cognitive development beginning about 11 years of age in which the individual becomes capable of abstract thought. (cause and effect, accept and reject hypotheses, develop and use general ru | Formal Operations |
| LIFE SPAN THEORY, Humans personalities continue to change, and unfold over the lifespan. He says that a person has eight consecutive crises that emerge throughout the life span. These eight crisis acts as stages and with each stage your personality deve | Erick Erikson |
| Important fundamental source of personality. In the end it’s all about trust, the way we view the world, perception of reality is based on trust. Trust is the faith in the predictability of the environment, optimism about the future. Mistrust is suspic | Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year) |
| -Autonomy refers to your independence, ability to gain control over bodily function and coordination (learning to walk). Shame and doubt is hostile rejection of all controls, self-doubt about ability to control body. Period where to learn to control thi | Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years) |
| Initiative is parental support for trying new things leads to joy in exercising initiative and taking on new challenges. Taking the lead, exploring. Guilt is feelings of guilt, unworthiness, and resentment may occur if scolded for exercising initiative. | Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years) |
| This stage is important to development and is the school years. Industry is learning the skills of personal care, productive work and independent living. Inferiority is the failure to learn these skills that leads to, feelings of mediocrity, inadequacy, | Industry vs. Inferiority (6-13 years) |
| Gets a little complex and what Erikson is most famous for. Identity is the integration of one’s roles in life into a coherent pattern. Role confusion is the failure to integrate these roles leads to a lack of personal identity and despair. Begin to see | Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence) |
| Intimacy is in order to love another, one must have resolved all earlier crises and must love themselves. Isolation is the failure at intimacy brings a painful sense of loneliness and incompleteness. | Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early Adulthood) |
| Generativity is experience meaning and joy in all the major activities of life. Stagnation is the failure to remain productive and creative leads to live becoming a drab routine and you feel dull and resentful. When you start looking at your life by how | Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood) |
| You will be old longer than any other stage in your life, will be old for several decades. Integrity is the acceptance of one’s life; a sense that is complete and satisfactory with little fear of approaching death. Despair is the loss of former roles an | Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood) |
| An individual’s unique patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persists over time and across situations. | Personality |
| personality is the result of unconscious motivations and conflicts. Unconscious means motives and conflicts that ultimately drive the behavior that aren’t necessarily available, are not aware. | Psychodynamic Theories |
| is the father of psychodynamic theory. Other supporters are Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney and Erik Erikson. Freud wrote The Interpretation of Dreams (1895). Had a huge impact on 20th Century thought a major theme in his theory was Psychic Deter | Sigmund Freud |
| -ID: the collection of unconscious urges and desires that continually seek expression (hunger, thirst, survival) -Ego: The part of the personality that mediates between the demands of reality, the id, and superego. -Super Ego: the social and parental s | -Freud’s Structure of Personality |
| source of all energy and functions entirely in unconscious. | ID |
| A form of psychic energy; the energy generated by the sexual drive. We have two driving forces in our biology; one is to survive and the other is to die. Personality is the basic aversion to the inevitable (death). | Libido |
| the way the id seeks immediate gratification of an instinct. | Pleasure principle |
| Operates at all 3 levels, The part of the personality that mediates between the demands of reality, the id, and superego. | Ego |
| The way in which the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and effectively in the real world. | Reality Principle: |
| Anxiety; tension created by an underlying conflict, constantly battling. We learn these mechanisms when we are very little. | The (Ego) Defense Mechanisms |
| : simply repress, push down the essence of the conflict | Repression |
| Refusal to acknowledge a painful or threatening reality. | Denial |
| : blame somebody else for a problem, project anger on someone else. | Projection |
| Expression of exaggerated ideas and emotions that are the opposite of one’s repressed beliefs or feelings. | Reaction Formation |
| Reverting to childlike behavior and defenses. | Regression |
| all of us basically want what we want, greed is our driving force | Sublimination |
| Instead of putting the blame on someone else, you project your anger on a thing or object. | Displacement |
| For the intricate task of measuring personality, psychologists use four basic tools: The personal interview, direct observation of behavior, objective tests, and projective tests. | PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT |
| personality inventories, written tests that are administered and scored according to a standard procedure. | Objective test |
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. The most widely used objective personality test, originally intended for psychiatric diagnosis. | MMPI-2 |
| Excessive concern with physical health and bodily function, somatic complaints, chronic weakness. | Hypochondriasis |
| Unhappiness, loss of energy, pessimism, lack of self-confidence, hopelessness, feeling of futility. | Depression |
| Reacts to stress with physical symptoms such as blindness or paralysis; lacks insights about motives and feelings. | Hysteria |
| Disregard for rules, laws, ethics, and moral conduct; impulsiveness, rebellious toward authority figures, may engage in lying, stealing and cheating. | Psychopathic deviation |
| Adherence to nontraditional gender traits, or rejection of the typical gender role. | Masculine-feminine |
| Suspiciousness, particularly in the area of interpersonal relations, guarded, moralistic, and rigid; overly responsive to criticism. | Paranoia |
| Obsessiveness and compulsiveness, unreasonable fears, anxious, tense and high-strung. | Psychasthenia |
| Detachment from reality, often accompanied by hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre thought processes, often confused. | Schizophrenia |
| Elevated mood, accelerated speech, flight of ideas, over activity, energetic, and talkative. | Hypomania |
| Shy, insecure, and uncomfortable in social situations, timid, reserved, often described by others as cold and distant. | Social introversion |
| Personality tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, consisting of ambiguous or unstructured material. | Projective tests |
| best known and one of the most frequently used projective tests. Composed of ambiguous inkblots; the way people interpret the blots is thought to reveal aspects of their personality. | Rorschach |
| Apperception Test. Consists of 20 cards picturing one or more human figures in deliberately ambiguous situations. A person is shown each card one at a time and said to write a story about each picture. | TAT |
| Diagnostic & Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition) [classification system for mental illness]. A publication of the American Psychiatric Association that classifies over 230 psychological disorders into 16 categories. | DSM-IV |
| Disorders in which anxiety is a characteristic feature or the avoidance of anxiety seems to motivate abnormal behavior. | Anxiety Disorder |
| An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks. | Panic Disorder |
| an anxiety disorder characterized by prolonged vague but intense fears that are not attached to any particular object or circumstance. | Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
| sudden, unpredictable, and overwhelming experience of intense fear or terror without any reasonable cause. Were previously known as “anxiety attacks.” | Panic Attacks |
| : An anxiety disorder is which a person feels driven to think disturbing thoughts (obsessions) and/or to perform senseless rituals (compulsions). -Obsession refers to thought. -Compulsion refers to behavior. | Obsessive Compulsive disorder |
| Retreat from reality.” Severe disorder that are primarily characterized by a “retreat from reality.” Schizophrenia often involves disturbances of thoughts, communications, and emotions, including delusions and hallucinations. | Schizophrenia |
| bizarre and childlike behaviors are common. Sometimes it starts early childhood but most commonly it starts around our age group. | Disorganized schizophrenia or “Hebeprenia |
| Disturbed motor activity is prominent. Patients may remain motionless in a bizarre posture and/or display brief periods of rage or hyperactivity. | Catatonic schizophrenia |
| Whenever you see paranoia, think delusion. Marked by extreme suspiciousness and complex, bizarre delusions. | Paranoid schizophrenia |
| There are clear schizophrenic symptoms that do not meet the criteria for another subtype of the disorder. Can’t really distinguish. | Undifferentiated schizophrenia |
| Marked by extreme suspiciousness and accompanying delusions. Perhaps some historical significant figures displayed the symptoms of paranoia. There can be nothing else wrong with the person, could have a normal personality except paranoia. Delusions of | Paranoia |
| paralyzing fear of some object or thing. | Specific phobia |
| excessive, inappropriate fears connected with social situations or performances in front of other people. | Social phobia |
| : involves multiple, intense fear of crowds, public places, and other situations that require separation from a source of security. | Agoraphobia |
| Disturbances in mood or prolonged emotional state. Most psychologists now believe that mood disorders result from a combination of biological factors (genetics and chemical imbalances in the brain), psychological factors and social factors. | Mood Disorders |
| A mood disorder characterized by euphoric states. Extreme physical activity, excessive talkativeness, distractedness, sometimes grandiosity (in-touch with what is going on around them). | Mania |
| : A mood disorder characterized by overwhelming feelings of sadness, lack of interest in activities, perhaps excessive guilt or feelings of worthlessness, feelings of guilty, anxiousness and nervousness. Difficulty sleeping and/or weight issues. | Depression |
| A mood disorder in which periods of mania and depression alternate, sometimes with periods of normal mood intervening (a completely separate disorder). Sometimes referred to as manic-depression and carries on from parents the majority of the time. | Bipolar disorder |
| Disorders in which some aspect of the personality seems separated form the rest. | Dissociative disorders |
| : A rare dissociative disorder characterized by loss of memory for past events without organic cause. Often results from an intolerable experience. They know how to do everything (drive, dishes, etc.) except details of their personal life. | Amnesia |
| A dissociative disorder that involves flight form home and the assumption of a new identity, with amnesia for past identity and events. People simply don’t know who they are, and wonder off instead of finding out who they are. | Fugue |
| A dissociative disorder in which a person has several distinct personalities that emerges at different times. The rarest dissociative disorder, 145 cases in history, formerly known as multiple personality disorder. | Dissociative Identity Disorder |
| overly concerned about health. A somatoform disorder in which a person interprets insignificant symptoms as signs of serious illness in the absence of any organic evidence of such illness. | Hypochondriasis |
| physical symptoms without physical basis. Somatoform disorders in which a dramatic specific disability has no physical cause but instead seems related to psychological problems. More common in earlier centuries. Can include a wide variety of symptoms s | Conversion disorders |
| (ECT) Used to treat organic mental illnesses that are biologically caused. | Electroconvulsive therapy |
| : is used for those residents who may benefit from medication in conjunction with their psychiatric disorders. | Psychopharmacological therapies |
| : lithium salts have been the main line of treatment for bipolar disorder (BD), both as a prophylactic and as an episodic treatment agent. Response to lithium seems to cluster in families and can be used as a predictor for recurrence of BD symptoms. Bipo | Lithium |
| false beliefs about reality that have no basis in fact. | Delusions |
| events to mental illnesses are traumatic events, life events, physical trauma. | Precipitating and predisposing |
| Sensory experiences in the absence of external stimulation. | Hallucinations |
| : Notion that your genes combined with childhood experiences leads to schizophrenia (two causes). View that people biologically predisposed to a mental disorder (those with a certain diathesis) will tend to exhibit that disorder when particularly affect | Diathesis Stress Model |
| a person, as a psychopathic personality, whose behavior is antisocial and who lacks a sense of moral responsibility or social conscience. | Sociopath |
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dcox49er
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