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PBS Unit 2.2 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| alleles | one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. |
| autosomes | any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. |
| Centromere | the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division. |
| chromatid | each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA. |
| chromosome | a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. |
| deletion mutation | a type of genetic mutation that involves the removal of a portion of the genetic material. |
| DNA | the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism |
| DNA Primer | A primer is a short single-stranded nucleic acid used by all living organisms in the initiation of DNA synthesis. |
| dominant allele | show their effect even if the individual only has one copy of the allele (also known as being heterozygous) |
| eukaryotic | organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. |
| Familial Hypercholesterolemia | a genetic disorder. |
| frameshift mutation | he insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three. |
| gene | a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome |
| genome | the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism. |
| genotype | the genetic constitution of an individual organism. |
| gel electrophoresis | a laboratory method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size. |
| heterozygous | having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes. ex. Pp |
| homologous chromosomes | made up of chromosome pairs of approximately the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, for genes with the same corresponding loci. |
| homozygous | having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes. ex PP or pp |
| insertion mutation | An insertion, as related to genomics, is a type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA. |
| karyotype | an individual's complete set of chromosomes. |
| Messenger RNA | genetic material that tells your body how to make proteins. |
| mitosis | a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth. |
| mutation | the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes. |
| nondisjunction | the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei. |
| nucleotides | a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA. |
| pedigree | a chart that diagrams the inheritance of a trait or health condition through generations of a family. |
| phenotype | the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. |
| point mutation | occurs in a genome when a single base pair is added, deleted or changed |
| polymerase chain reaction | a laboratory technique for rapidly producing (amplifying) millions to billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA |
| protein | made up of chemical 'building blocks' called amino acids. Your body uses amino acids to build and repair muscles and bones and to make hormones and enzymes. They can also be used as an energy source. |
| protein synthesis | the creation of proteins by cells that uses DNA, RNA, and various enzymes. |
| punnett square | The Punnett square is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment. |
| recessive allele | A type of allele that when present on its own will not affect the individual |
| restriction enzyme | a protein isolated from bacteria that cleaves DNA sequences at sequence-specific sites, producing DNA fragments with a known sequence at each end |
| ribonucleic acid | a molecule that is present in the majority of living organisms and viruses. |
| sex chromosomes | a type of chromosome involved in sex determination. |
| silent mutation | when a change in the DNA sequence of a gene does not affect the subsequent amino acid sequence of the protein it codes for. |
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