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PSYCH - MEMORY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Refers to the psychological processes of acquiring, storing, retaining, and later retrieving information | Memory |
| 3 Processes of Memory | (1) Encoding (2) Storage (3) Retrieval |
| the process involving maintaining the coded information within the memory systems with much information is stored over longer periods of time | Storage |
| a person experiences an event and codes the information that can be derived from the event through visual (images or pictures), acoustic (sequences of sounds), or semantics (units of meanings) | Encoding |
| involves finding the information in storage and bringing it to awareness of consciousness | Retrieval |
| person has to search through memory for a piece of information and report if found | Recall |
| the information is presented to the person and the person reports whether they remember it or not | Recognition |
| Forms of Retrieval | (1) Recall (2) Recognition |
| 3 Systems of Memory | (1) Sensory Register (2) Short-Term Memory (3) Long-Term Memory |
| skills, habits, and conditioned response | Procedural Memories |
| general facts and personal experiences, which includes semantic memories and episodic memories | Declarative Memories |
| difficult to bring into conscious awareness | Implicit Memories |
| person is aware of processing | Explicit Memories |
| 3 Models of Memory | (1) Information-processing model (2) Levels-of-processing model (3) Parallel distributed processing model |
| -focuses on how information is econded into our memory -describes how our brains filter information, from what we're paying attention to in the present moment, to what gets stored in our short-term memory and long-term memory | Information-processing model |
| focuses on the depth of processing involved in memory, and predicts the deeper information is processed, the longer a memory trace will last | Levels-of-processing model |
| memory s made up of networks that in turn are made up of a vast number millions of connected units that process information | Parallel distributed processing (PDP) model |
| a stimulus for remembering and are encoded at same time as new memory | Retrival Cue |
| physical surroundings become encoded as retrival cues | Encoding specificity |
| physiological or psychological states are used as retrieval cues | State-dependent learning |
| information must be "pulled" out of memory | Recall |
| involves matching information with stored images or facts | Recognition |
| first and last items in a list are recalled better than middle items | Serial Position Effect |
| memories are reconstructed from information that is stored during encoding | Constructive Processing |
| tendency to believe, through revision of older memories to include newer information, that one could correctly predict outcome of an event | Hindsight Bias |
| Memory Retrieval Problems | (1) Misinformation effect (2) False memory syndrome |
| misleading questions or information may be incorporated into memory | Minsinformation Effect |
| creation of false or inaccurate memories through suggestion | False memory syndrome |
| Types of Forgetting | (1) Encoding Failure (2) Decay or disuse (3) Proactive interference (4) Retroactive interference |
| information is not attended to and fails to be encoded | encoding failure |
| information that is not accessed decays from storage system over time | decay or disuse |
| older information that already in memory interferes with the retrieval of new information | proactive interference |
| newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information | retroactive interference |
| part responsible for procedural memories | cerebellum |
| part responsible for short-term memories | cortical prefrontal and temporal lobes |
| part responsible for fear | amygdala |
| neuronal changes during formation of a memory | consolidation |
| responsible for new, long-term memory storage, removal destorys ability to store anything new | hippocampus |
| past memories lost; can be for minutes of several years | retrograde amnesia |
| new memory formation blocked; old memories retrievable | anterograde amnesia |
| lack of memories before the ages 2-3; due to the implicit nature of infant memory | infantile amnesia |
| Strategies for Improving Memory | (1) Verbal Organization (2) Method of Loci (3) Key-word technique |
| memory storage and the retrieval of large amounts of information are facilitated by devices such as verse, phonological organization of word sequences, fixed rhythm, rhyme, and alliteration | Verbal Organization |
| utilizes imagery as a means to facilitate encoding, storage, and retrieval | Method of Loci |
| items to be remembered are associated with other items that are easier to recall, in this case, easy-to-recall words which can be phonological or semantic | Key-word technique |
| general knowledge such as knowledge of language and information learned in formal education | semantic memories |
| personal information such as daily activities and events | episodic memories |
| stores information from physical stimuli in the environment where they remain briefly as a fraction of a second | sensory register |
| encodes information acosutically (for most part), has very limited storage capacity, and can retain information only for as long as the person continues to attend to and process the information | short-term memory |
| made up of large amounts of semantic information accumulated over the years | long-term memory |
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