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the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging
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events that cause a stress reaction
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CHAPTER 11 GEN PSYCH
STRESS AND HEALTH
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging | Stress |
| events that cause a stress reaction | Stressors |
| the effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors. | Distress |
| the effect of positive events, or the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being. | Eustress |
| an unpredictable, large-scale event that creates a tremendous need to adapt and adjust as well as overwhelming feelings of threat. | Catastrophe |
| Cause stress by requiring adjustments | Major Life Events |
| assessment that measures the amount of stress in a person’s life over a one- year period resulting from major life events. | Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) |
| assessment that measures the amount of stress in a college student’s life over a one-year period resulting from major life events. | College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS) |
| the daily annoyances of everyday life. | Hassles |
| the psychological experience produced by urgent demands or expectations for a person’s behavior that come from an outside source. | Pressure |
| the degree of control that the person has over a particular event or situation. The less control a person has, the greater the degree of stress. | Uncontrollability |
| the psychological experience produced by the blocking of a desired goal or fulfillment of a perceived need. Possible reactions: | Frustration |
| actions meant to harm or destroy. | Aggression |
| taking out one’s frustrations on some less threatening or more available target, a form of displacement. | Displaced aggression |
| leaving the presence of a stressor, either literally or by a psychological withdrawal into fantasy, drug abuse, or apathy. | Escape or withdrawal |
| psychological experience of being pulled toward or drawn to two or more desires or goals, only one of which may be attained. | Conflict |
| conflict occurring when a person must choose between two desirable goals. | Approach–approach conflict |
| conflict occurring when a person must choose between two undesirable goals. | Avoidance–avoidance conflict |
| conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects. | Approach–avoidance conflict |
| conflict in which the person must decide between two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects. | Double approach–avoidance conflict |
| conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects. | Approach–avoidance conflict |
| conflict in which the person must decide between more than two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects. | Multiple approach–avoidance conflict |
| responds to stressful events | Sympathetic system |
| the three stages of the body’s physiological reaction to stress, including alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. | Parasympathetic system |
| the three stages of the body’s physiological reaction to stress, including alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. | General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) |
| the system of cells, organs, and chemicals of the body that responds to attacks from diseases, infections, and injuries; negatively affected by stress. | Immune system |
| the study of the effects of psychological factors such as stress, emotions, thoughts, and behavior on the immune system. | Psychoneuroimmunology |
| stress puts people in a higher risk for heart disease. | Heart Disease |
| type 2 diabetes is associated with excessive weight gain and occurs when pancreas insulin levels become less efficient as the body size increases. | Diabetes |
| natural killer cell immune system cell responsible for suppressing viruses and destroying tumor cells. | Cancer |
| states that how people think about a stressor determines, at least in part, how stressful that stressor will become. | Cognitive appraisal approach |
| the first step in assessing a stress, which involves estimating the severity of a stressor and classifying it as either a threat or a challenge. | Primary appraisal |
| states that how people think about a stressor determines, at least in part, how stressful that stressor will become. | Cognitive appraisal approach |
| the second step in assessing a threat, which involves estimating the resources available to the person for coping with the stressor. | Secondary appraisal |
| person who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger as well as being easily annoyed. | Type A personality |
| person who is relaxed and laid-back, less driven and competitive than Type A, and slow to anger. | Type B personality |
| pleasant but repressed person, who tends to internalize his or her anger and anxiety and who finds expressing emotions difficult. | Type C personality |
| a person who seems to thrive on stress but lacks the anger and hostility of the Type A personality. | Hardy personality |
| people who expect positive outcomes. | Optimists |
| people who expect negative outcomes. | Pessimists |
| Social factors increasing the effects of stress | poverty, stresses on the job or in the workplace, and entering a majority culture that is different from one’s culture of origin |
| negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustration. | Burnout |
| stress resulting from the need to change and adapt a person’s ways to the majority culture. | Acculturative stress |
| Four Methods of Acculturation: | Integration Assimilation Separation Marginalization |
| the network of family, friends, neighbors, coworkers, and others who can offer support, comfort, or aid to a person in need. | Social support system |
| actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stressors. | Coping strategies |
| coping strategies that try to eliminate the source of a stress or reduce its impact through direct actions. | Problem-focused coping |
| coping strategies that change the impact of a stressor by changing the emotional reaction to the stressor. | Emotion-focused coping |
| mental series of exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trancelike state of consciousness. | Meditation |
| form of meditation in which a person focuses the mind on some repetitive or unchanging stimulus so that the mind can be cleared of disturbing thoughts and the body can experience relaxation. | Concentrative meditation |
| form of meditation in which a person attempts to become aware of everything in immediate conscious experience, or an expansion of consciousness. | Receptive meditation |
| Different cultures perceive stressors differently. Coping strategies will also vary from culture to culture. | Cultural Influences on Stress |
| People with religious beliefs also have been found to cope better with stressful events. | Religiosity and Stress |
Created by:
chacham