STRESS AND HEALTH
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| the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging | Stress
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| events that cause a stress reaction | Stressors
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| the effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors. | Distress
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| the effect of positive events, or the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being. | Eustress
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| an unpredictable, large-scale event that creates a tremendous need to adapt and adjust as well as overwhelming feelings of threat. | Catastrophe
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| Cause stress by requiring adjustments | Major Life Events
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| assessment that measures the amount of stress in a person’s life over a one- year period resulting from major life events. | Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
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| assessment that measures the amount of stress in a college student’s life over a one-year period resulting from major life events. | College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS)
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| the daily annoyances of everyday life. | Hassles
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| the psychological experience produced by urgent demands or expectations for a person’s behavior that come from an outside source. | Pressure
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| the degree of control that the person has over a particular event or situation. The less control a person has, the greater the degree of stress. | Uncontrollability
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| the psychological experience produced by the blocking of a desired goal or fulfillment of a perceived need. Possible reactions: | Frustration
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| actions meant to harm or destroy. | Aggression
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| taking out one’s frustrations on some less threatening or more available target, a form of displacement. | Displaced aggression
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| leaving the presence of a stressor, either literally or by a psychological withdrawal into fantasy, drug abuse, or apathy. | Escape or withdrawal
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| psychological experience of being pulled toward or drawn to two or more desires or goals, only one of which may be attained. | Conflict
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| conflict occurring when a person must choose between two desirable goals. | Approach–approach conflict
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| conflict occurring when a person must choose between two undesirable goals. | Avoidance–avoidance conflict
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| conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects. | Approach–avoidance conflict
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| conflict in which the person must decide between two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects. | Double approach–avoidance conflict
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| conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects. | Approach–avoidance conflict
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| conflict in which the person must decide between more than two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects. | Multiple approach–avoidance conflict
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| responds to stressful events | Sympathetic system
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| the three stages of the body’s physiological reaction to stress, including alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. | Parasympathetic system
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| the three stages of the body’s physiological reaction to stress, including alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. | General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
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| the system of cells, organs, and chemicals of the body that responds to attacks from diseases, infections, and injuries; negatively affected by stress. | Immune system
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| the study of the effects of psychological factors such as stress, emotions, thoughts, and behavior on the immune system. | Psychoneuroimmunology
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| stress puts people in a higher risk for heart disease. | Heart Disease
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| type 2 diabetes is associated with excessive weight gain and occurs when pancreas insulin levels become less efficient as the body size increases. | Diabetes
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| natural killer cell immune system cell responsible for suppressing viruses and destroying tumor cells. | Cancer
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| states that how people think about a stressor determines, at least in part, how stressful that stressor will become. | Cognitive appraisal approach
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| the first step in assessing a stress, which involves estimating the severity of a stressor and classifying it as either a threat or a challenge. | Primary appraisal
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| states that how people think about a stressor determines, at least in part, how stressful that stressor will become. | Cognitive appraisal approach
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| the second step in assessing a threat, which involves estimating the resources available to the person for coping with the stressor. | Secondary appraisal
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| person who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger as well as being easily annoyed. | Type A personality
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| person who is relaxed and laid-back, less driven and competitive than Type A, and slow to anger. | Type B personality
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| pleasant but repressed person, who tends to internalize his or her anger and anxiety and who finds expressing emotions difficult. | Type C personality
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| a person who seems to thrive on stress but lacks the anger and hostility of the Type A personality. | Hardy personality
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| people who expect positive outcomes. | Optimists
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| people who expect negative outcomes. | Pessimists
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| Social factors increasing the effects of stress | poverty, stresses on the job or in the workplace, and entering a majority culture that is different from one’s culture of origin
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| negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustration. | Burnout
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| stress resulting from the need to change and adapt a person’s ways to the majority culture. | Acculturative stress
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| Four Methods of Acculturation: | Integration
Assimilation
Separation
Marginalization
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| the network of family, friends, neighbors, coworkers, and others who can offer support, comfort, or aid to a person in need. | Social support system
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| actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stressors. | Coping strategies
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| coping strategies that try to eliminate the source of a stress or reduce its impact through direct actions. | Problem-focused coping
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| coping strategies that change the impact of a stressor by changing the emotional reaction to the stressor. | Emotion-focused coping
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| mental series of exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trancelike state of consciousness. | Meditation
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| form of meditation in which a person focuses the mind on some repetitive or unchanging stimulus so that the mind can be cleared of disturbing thoughts and the body can experience relaxation. | Concentrative meditation
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| form of meditation in which a person attempts to become aware of everything in immediate conscious experience, or an expansion of consciousness. | Receptive meditation
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| Different cultures perceive stressors differently. Coping strategies will also vary from culture to culture. | Cultural Influences on Stress
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| People with religious beliefs also have been found to cope better with stressful events. | Religiosity and Stress
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Created by:
chacham