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Unit 5 - Learning
| Question or Term | Definition or Answer |
|---|---|
| Classical Conditioning | A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |
| Ivan Pavlov | A Russian physiologist who pioneered the study of learning. He conducted on of psychology's most famous experiments in which he classically conditioned a dog to salivate at the sound of a tuning fork/bell. He set the foundation for behaviorism |
| John B. Watson | Though that human emotion and behaviors, though biologically influenced, are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses. He demonstrated this through his work on 11-month old "Little Albert" by showing how specific fears might be conditioned. |
| UCS (US) | A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response |
| UCR (UR) | The learned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (ex: such as salivation when food is in the mouth) |
| CS | An originally irrelevant response to a previously neutral, but now conditioned, stimulus, the CS |
| CR | The learned response to a previously neutral, but now conditioned, stimulus, the CS |
| NS/CS | A stimulus that has no effect on the subject |
| Higher-Order Conditioning | Procedure in which the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) CS |
| Extinction (CC) | The process of unlearning or removing a conditioned association. CC: This occurs when the link between the CS and UCS no longer exists |
| Stimulus Generalization | the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response. |
| Stimulus Discrimination | The tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus |
| Operant Conditioning | A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
| Thorndike | The psychologist on who Skinner based his work. He devoloped the Law of Effect |
| Law of Effect | Thorndike's principle that states behaviors followed by favorable consequences will be repeated and behaiors followed by unfavorable consequences will be diminished |
| Reinforcement | Increasing a behavior |
| Primary reinforcers | An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (ex: eating when hungry) |
| Secondary reinforcers | A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforce (ex: choosing to go out to eat when you have food at home) |
| Acquisition | The process of learning a conditioned response |
| Shaping | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
| Extinction (OC) | The process of unlearning or removing a conditioned association. OC: This occurs when a response is no longer reinforced |
| Low Resistance to Extinction | Minimal continuation of a behavior when trying to make it extinct |
| High Resistance to Extinction | Continuation of a behavior when trying to make it extinct |
| BF Skinner | A leading behaviorist who studied how consequences shape behavior. Reinforcement strengthens wanted behaviors while punishment diminishes unwanted behaviors. He worked with rats and pigeons in a Skinner Box/Operant chamber |
| External Influences (Reinforcement vs Punishment) | Things in your surrounding that affect and influence how reinforcement and punishment work |
| Schedules of Reinforcement | The rules that determine how often an organism is reinforced for a particular behavior; FR, FI, VR, VI |
| Immediate Reinforcer | A reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior (ex: a waitress getting tips) |
| Delayed Reinforcer | A reinforcer that is not given immediately after a certain behavior (ex: getting a weekly paycheck) |
| Continuous Reinforcement | Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs (ex: training an animal, you give it a treat every time it does something you want) |
| Intermittent Reinforcement | The delivery of a reward at irregular intervals, a method that has been determined to yield the greatest effort from the subject |
| FR | A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses (ex: If you have a Starbucks golds card, youo get a free drink every 12 purchases) |
| FI | A reinforcment schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed (ex: checking to see if your cookies are done when the cooking time is 10-12 minutes) |
| + Reinforcement | Administering an aversive (bad) stimulus (ex: spanking) |
| Escape Learning | Escape learning occurs to terminate an unpleasant stimulus such as annoyance or pain, thereby negatively reinforcing the behavior. |
| Avoidance Learning | You can transform escape learning into avoidance learning if you give a signal, such as a tone, before the unwanted stimulus. |
| Punishment | An event that decreases the behavior that it follows, the opposite of reinforcement |
| Observational Learning | Learning in which new responses are acquired after other’s behavior and the consequences of their behavior are observed. |
| Albert Bandura | The pioneering researcher of observational learning that included his Bobo doll experiment |
| Bobo Doll Experiment | To demonstrate that if children were witnesses to an aggressive display by an adult hitting a doll they would imitate this aggressive behavior when given the opportunity. |
| Desensitization | A psychological process by which a response is repeatedly elicited in situations where the action tendency that arises out of the emotion proves to be irrelevant |
| Violence-Viewing Effect | AN effect that claims if you see violence, you will in turn show more violent behavior. Correlation evidence from over 50 studies shows that observing violence is associated with violent behavior. |
| - reinforcement | Taking away a desirable stimulus (ex: getting a time-out) |
| VR | A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a an unpredictable number of responses (ex: having a competition at the GAP to see who sells the most amount of jeans. You don't know how many you have to sell) |
| VI | A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals (ex: not knowing when a friend is going to text you so you keep checking your phone) |
Created by:
Lillie Alexander
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