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PSYCH - LEARNING
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the permanent change in behavior that results from experience | Learning |
| the stimulus which naturally triggers an involuntary response prior to conditioning | Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
| stimulus which has no effect on a response that is desired | Neutral Stimulus (NS) |
| a formerly neutral stimulus that becomes associated with an UCS through the process of conditioning | Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
| a reflexive response to a stimulus that is conditioned | Conditioned Response (CR) |
| Important Principles | (1) CS must come before UCS (2) CS and UCS must be contiguous (3) NS must be paired with the UCS several times (4)CS must be distinctive |
| the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original CS | Generalization |
| when the subject stops responding to a similar elicitor, and only reacts with the CS that was originally learned | Discrimination |
| when the learned association between CS and CR gradually dissipates | Extinction |
| emotional responses that became classically conditioned with learned stimuli | Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) |
| classical conditioning of a reflex response through observation of another person's reaction | Vicarious Conditioning |
| the tendency of animals to learn association with only short pairings | Biological Preparedness |
| Pavlov's explanation to classical condition: It works because conditioned stimuli produces similar neural activity in the brain if it is successfully paired in the acquisition process | Stimulus Substitution |
| if a response is followed by something pleasurable, it tends to be repeated; conversely, if it is followed by something unpleasant, it tends to be refrained | Law of Effect |
| stimulus that increases the frequency of a response, if it is contiguous with it | Reinforcement |
| a reinforcer that works by satiating a basic, biological requirement such as hunger | Primary Reinforcer |
| a reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer | Secondary Reinforcer |
| reinforcement by the addition of pleasurable stimuli | Positive Reinforcement |
| reinforcement of a response by the removal of unpleasurable stimuli | Negative Reinforcement |
| reinforcing basic steps in a complicated series of behaviors | Shaping |
| basic stages of goal-oriented behavior that leads to successful accomplishment of an intended object or event | Successive Approximation |
| tendency of a response to become resistant to extinction | Partial Reinforcement Effect |
| schedule of reinforcement where the number of responses required for reinforcement is constant | Fixed Ratio Schedule |
| schedule of reinforcement where the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each event | Variable Ratio Schedule |
| schedule of reinforcement where the interval of the time that passes before another reinforcement is constant | Fixed Interval Schedule |
| schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that passes before another reinforcement is different for each event | Variable Interval Schedule |
| an event that makes a response less likely, after following it | Punishment |
| tendency for animal behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns | Instinctive Drift |
| behavior modification where desired behavior is rewarded with tokens | Token Economy |
| skills are simplified into basic steps, and taught through an elaborate system of reinforcement | Applied Behavior Analysis |
| using feedback of biological states to bring about involuntary responses, with voluntary control | Biofeedback |
| a type of biofeedback that uses brain-imaging devices to provide feedback about the brain's activity, to try and change behavior | Neurofeedback |
| type of learning that remains hidden until its application is useful | Latent Learning |
| tendency to fail to act from a situation due to a history of repeated failures | Learned Helplessness |
| sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing a quick way out of a solution | Insight |
| learning new behavior by watching a model perform | Observational Learning |
| to learn anything at all through observation, the learner shoukd pay attention to a model | Attention |
| the learner must also be able to retain the actions | Memory |
| the learner must be capable of reproducing the action of a model | Imitation |
| the learner must have the desire to perform the action | Motivation |
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