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Psych Ch 10 Vocab
Life Span Development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| developmental psychology | the study of the changes that occur in people from birth through old age |
| cross-sectional study | a method of studying developmental changes by comparing people of different ages at about the same time |
| cohort | a group of people born during the same period in historical time |
| longitudinal study | a method of studying developmental changes by evaluating the same people at different points in their lives |
| biographical (retrospective) study | a method of studying developmental changes by reconstructing people's past through interviews and inferring the effects of past events on current behaviors |
| prenatal development | development from conception to birth |
| embryo | a developing human between 2 weeks and 3 months after conception |
| fetus | a developing human between 3 months after conception and birth |
| placenta | the organ by which an embryp or fetus is attached to its mother's uterus and that nourishes it during prenatal development |
| teratogens | toxic substances such as alcohol or nicotine that cross the placenta and may result in birth defects |
| critical period | a time when certain internal and extrenal influences have a major effect on development; at other periods, the same influences will have little or no effect |
| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | a disorder that occurs in children of women who drink alcohol during pregnancy that is characterized by facial deformities, stunted growth, and cognitive impairments |
| neonates | newborn babies |
| rooting reflex | the reflex that causes a newborn baby to turn its head toward something that touches its cheek and to grope around with its mouth |
| sucking reflex | the newborn baby's tendency to suck on objects placed in the mouth |
| swallowing reflex | the reflex that enables the newborn baby to swallow liquids without choking |
| grasping reflex | the reflex that causes newborn babies to close their fists around anything that is put in their hands |
| stepping reflex | the reflex that causes newborn babies to make little stepping motions if they are held upright with their feet just touching a surface |
| temperament | characteristic patterns of emotional reactions and emotional self-regulation |
| developmental norms | ages by which an average child achieves various developmental milestones |
| maturation | an automatic biological unfolding of development in an organism as a function of the passage of time |
| sensory-motor stage | In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between birth and 2 years of age in which the individual develops object permanence and acquires the ability to form mental representations |
| object permanence | the concept that things continue to exist even when they are out of sight |
| mental representations | mental images or symbols (such as words) used to think about or remember an object, a person, or an event |
| preoperational stage | In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between 2 and 7 years of age in which the individual becomes able to use mental representations and language to describe, remember, and reason about the world, though only in an egocentric fashion |
| egocentric | unable to see things from another's point of view |
| concrete-operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of development between 7 and 11 years of age in which the individual can attend to more than one thing at a time and understand someone else's point of view, though thinking is limited to concrete matters |
| principle of conservation | the concept that the quantity of a substance is not altered by reversible changes in appearance |
| formal-operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between 11 and 15 years of age in which the individual becomes capable of abstract thought |
| babbling | a baby's vocalizations, consisting of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations |
| holophrases | one-word sentences commonly used by children under 2 years of age |
| language acquisition device | a hypothetical neural mechanism for acquiring language that is presumed to be "wired into" all humans |
| imprinting | the tendency in certain species to follow the first moving thing (usually its mother) it sees after it is born or hatched |
| attachment | emotional bond that develops in the first year of life that makes human babies cling to their caregivers for safety and comfort |
| autonomy | sense of independence; a desire not to be conrolled by others |
| socialization | process by which children learn the behaviors and attitudes appropriate to their family and culture |
| solitary play | a child engaged in a recreational activity alone; the earliest form of play |
| parallel play | two children playing side by side at similar activities but paying little or no attention to each other; the earliest kind of social interaction between toddlers |
| nonshared environment | the unique aspects of the environment that are experienced differently by siblings even though they are reared in the same family |
| cooperative play | two or more children engaged in play that requires interaction |
| peer group | a network of same-aged friends and acquaintances who give one another emotional and social support |
| gender identity | a little girl's knowledge that she is a girl, and a little boy's knowledge that he is a boy |
| gender constancy | the realization that gender does not change with age |
| gender-role awareness | knowledge of what behavior is appropriate for each gender |
| gender stereotypes | general beliefs about characteristics that men and women are presumed to have |
| sex-typed behavior | socially prescribed ways of behaving that differ for boys and girls |
| growth spurt | a rapid increase in height and weight that occurs during adolescence |
| puberty | the onset of sexual maturation, with accompanying physical development |
| menarche | first menstrual period |
| imaginary audience | Elkind's term for adolescents' delusion that they are constantly being observed by others |
| personal fable | Elkind's term for adolescnets' delusion that they are unique, very important, and invulnerable |
| identity formation | Erickson's term for the development of a stable sense of self necessary to make the transition from dependence on others to dependence on oneself |
| identity crisis | a period of intense self-examination and decision making; part of the process of identity formation |
| cliques | groups of adolescents with similar interests and strong mutual attachment |
| midlife crisis | a time when adults discover they no longer feel fulfilled in their jovs or personal lives and attempts to make a decisive shift in career or lifestyle |
| midlife transition | according to Levinson, a process whereby adults assess the past and formulate new goals for the future |
| menopause | the time in a woman's life when menstruation ceases |
| Alzheimer's disease | a neurological disorder, most commonly found in late adulthood, characterized by progressive losses in memory and cognition and changes in personality |
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