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Geog Resource Manage
Resource Management Qs + Definitions
| Question | Answer | Answer 2 | Answer 3 | Answer 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| What is a resource? (1) | A stock or supply of something that has a value or purpose | |||
| What is water scarcity? (1) | Where a location has a lack of available water. | |||
| What are the two types of water scarcity? (2) | Physical water scarcity | Economic water scarcity | ||
| What is physical water scarcity? (1) | When a location has an actual lack of water due to climate and landscape | |||
| What is economic water scarcity? (1) | When a location cannot afford to extract water | |||
| What is water stress? (1) | When the demand for water in a location exceeds the supply | |||
| What is GNP? (1) | The amount of money a country has from the sale of all its products and services sold | |||
| What are the main source/s of energy in the UK? (4) | Coal | Natural gas | Nuclear | Renewables |
| What percentage of energy does coal provide for the UK? (1) | 38% | |||
| What percentage of energy does natural gas provide for the UK? (1) | 28% | |||
| What percentage of energy does nuclear provide for the UK? (1) | 21% | |||
| What percentage of energy do renewables provide for the UK? (1) | 11% | |||
| What is social well-being? (1) | A sense of belonging to a community and making a contribution to society | |||
| What is economic well-being? (1) | Having present and future financial security | |||
| Definition for export? (1) | Goods sold abroad | |||
| Definition for import? (1) | Goods brought in from another country | |||
| What is meant by food miles? (1) | The distance travelled by food imported to the UK | |||
| What is a carbon footprint? (1) | The amount of fossil fuels produced in the atmosphere | |||
| What are some reasons for importing food into the UK? (4) | The climate is unsuitable for production of some foods | Food can be produced cheaply overseas | People demand food out of season | The UK can have years of bad harvests which pushes prices up |
| What are some of the positive impacts on LICs of the demand for non-seasonal foods? (2) | Jobs are created | The jobs supply wages for local people | ||
| What are some of the negative impacts on LICs of the demand for non-seasonal foods? (3) | Less land is available for locals to grow food to eat | Often these crops need large amounts of water | Sometimes the crop growers are exposed to chemicals | |
| What are some ways to lower the UK imports? (3) | Agribusiness | Organic farming | Buying locally | |
| What is agribusiness? (1) | Operating large-scale intensive farming with a high input of chemicals, machinery, and other investments | |||
| Why does agribusiness help lower the UK imports? (3) | Greater numbers and ranges of products are able to be grown in the UK | Extends the growing season | Reduces the need for transporting crops from a different area in the world | |
| How can the size of farms be increased? (4) | Removing hedgerows | Using modern production methods | Increased mechanisation | Using better seeds, and increased use of pesticides and fertilisers |
| What is organic farming? (1) | A holistic way of producing food where the farmer thinks about the effects of their practices on other factors of the farm | |||
| Why does organic farming help lower the UK imports? (1) | They manage the land in ways that work with natural systems rather than trying to dominate or change them | |||
| What is an example of the principles/practices of organic farming? (3) | A closed system | Soil fertility and structure | Avoidance of pollution and fossil fuels | |
| What is local food? (1) | A product that is produced within 30 miles of where it's sold | |||
| Why does buying locally help lower the UK imports? (4) | Reconnects communities with farmers | Creates jobs and supports local rural economies | Reduces noise and pollution from food miles | Encourages a more sustainable use of land |
| How much of the UK's water supply is used domestically? (1) | 50% | |||
| How much of the UK's water supply is wasted by leakage? (1) | 21% | |||
| Why is demand for water rising in the UK? (3) | Growing population | More houses being built | Increase in the number of appliances in houses that use water | |
| What is water deficit? (1) | When the water demand exceeds the water supply | |||
| What is water surplus? (1) | When the water supply exceeds the water demand | |||
| Which part of the UK experiences water surplus? (1) | The north | |||
| Which part of the UK experiences water deficit? (1) | The south | |||
| What pollutants can cause damage to the water system? (4) | Nitrates and phosphates from fertilisers | Leaching from underground mines | Pesticides and weed killers | Heavy metals from industrial waste |
| How does water pollution affect the UK? (4) | Increased water temperatures can lead to death of wildlife and disrupt habitats | Toxic waste can poison wildlife and water supply | Pesticides can kill important parts of the ecosystem | People who rely on clean water sources such as fishermen or workers in the tourist industry may suffer |
| How is water quality managed in the UK? (4) | Legislation (laws) | Education campaigns | Waste water treatments | Pollution traps |
| Why is energy important? (4) | It heats our buildings | It powers the machines that produce our clothes and food | It powers our cars and other transport | It provides the electricity we use to watch TV and use electricity |
| Why has domestic consumption of energy changed? (3) | The introduction of energy efficient devices, such as light bulbs and washing machines | The increased awareness of the public that they must save energy | The increased cost of energy leading to lower consumption | |
| What does the 'energy mix of the UK' refer to? (1) | The different sources of energy used by households, industry, and other commercial users such as shops and offices | |||
| What is the most common form of energy that we use in our homes? (1) | Electricity | |||
| How can we generate electricity? (2) | Burning fossil fuels | Using renewable energy sources | ||
| What are the fossil fuels? (3) | Coal | Oil | Natural gas | |
| What are some examples of renewable energy sources? (3) | Wind | Water | Solar | |
| What is energy conservation? (1) | Reducing energy consumption by using less energy and existing resources more efficiently | |||
| What is energy security? (1) | Availability of energy sources at an affordable price | |||
| What is one advantage and one disadvantage of using fossil fuels for energy? (2) | Advantage: it's affordable and often easy to transport | Disadvantage: they don't last forever, and are poisoning the planet | ||
| What is one advantage and one disadvantage of using renewable energy sources for energy? (2) | Advantage: they will never run out, and are good to use environmentally | Disadvantage: they're an expensive option | ||
| What is food security? (1) | Having access to enough safe and affordable nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life | |||
| What is food surplus? (1) | When a country produces more food than is needed by their population | |||
| What is food deficit? (1) | When a country does not produce enough food to feed their population | |||
| What are some examples of causes of food insecurity? (4) | Technology | Conflict | Climate | Poverty |
| How could climate cause food insecurity? (3) | Floods | Tropical storms | Periods of drought | |
| How could pests and disease cause food insecurity? (4) | AIDs/malaria worsen it as they reduce the available workforce | Mice and rats cause damage after harvest | Cattle diseases such as bovine pleuropneumonia or Rift Valley fever | insects (e.g locusts) can decimate a grain crop |
| How could technology cause food insecurity? (1) | LICs lack the money to invest in agriculture infrastructure (e.g roads, storage, irrigation, and machinery) | |||
| How could water supply cause food insecurity? (2) | The level of water stress is higher than the amount of water available | HICs have the money to manage water stress whereas LICs do not | ||
| When can water stress occur? (3) | Where there are floods when the water becomes dirty and polluted | When the water supply is unreliable | When the population density is high | |
| How could conflict cause food insecurity? (4) | Wells and water supply can be deliberately polluted | It can disrupt farming and food production | Food supplies can be seized by soldiers or destroyed | Farming areas may be mined to prevent local people harvesting crops or growing food in the future |
| What is an example of a country where there is conflict that causes food insecurity? (1) | Somalia | |||
| How could poverty cause food insecurity? (1) | The cycle of poverty | |||
| What is the cycle of poverty? (3) | They cannot afford to buy nutritious food for themselves and their families | Poor farmers often cannot afford to buy seeds, tools, or fertilisers. This can limit the amount of crops they produce, as well as reducing the quality of the crops | The lack of nutritious food makes them weak and unable to work on the land or earn money to support themselves | |
| What are some of the impacts of food insecurity? (4) | Famine and undernutrition | Conflict and social unrest | Rising prices | Desertification |
| What is famine? (1) | A widespread scarcity of food | |||
| What are the impacts of famine? (4) | Can hinder the physical and cognitive (brain) development of children | Deaths | May lead to deficiency diseases (e.g beriberi or anemia) | Causes under nutrition, which weakens immunity |
| How is conflict an impact of food insecurity? (2) | The increased competition for scarce food resources can lead to conflict in both local and international communities | The need for water for farming can lead to international disputes over ownership of the water sources | ||
| What is an example of international dispute? (1) | The River Nile - which runs through multiple countries | |||
| How do different countries want to use the River Nile's water? (4) | The Ugandan government wants to dam the river, which will restrict flow downstream | Egyptian farmers use the water to grow vast amounts of food, such as avocados and fruit for the global and domestic markets | The Ethiopian government currently uses the water from the Nile for irrigation to support its coffee industry which brings in income | The Sudanese government would like to use more of the water for irrigation to help grow more food |
| What is the definition of irrigation ? (1) | The supply of water to land or crops to help them grow | |||
| How is rising prices an impact of food insecurity? (1) | A shortage of food can lead to an increase in prices, often caused by global events such as poor harvests in other countries. This leads to a reduction in the supply and a rise in pricing | |||
| How is desertification an impact of food insecurity? (2) | In LICs, the best land is often used to grow cash crops for export to HICs. This leads the less suitable land to feed the local people. This marginal land often doesn't have suitable nutrients or water and will quickly become infertile | Overgrazing by cattle and other farm animals also leaves the soil exposed. Once the soil has no vegetation to hold it in place, the soil can be blown or washed away | ||
| What is the definition of marginal land? (1) | Arid land which has little or no potential for profit | |||
| What is the definition of infertile land? (1) | Land which doesn't contain enough nutrients to grow food | |||
| What are 'cash crops'? (1) | A crop which is grown for selling rather than for the farmer | |||
| What is are some impacts of desertification? (3) | Soil erosion | Water pollution (through use of pesticides/fertilisers) | Water shortages | |
| What are some methods of increasing global food supply? (4) | Irrigation | Hydroponics / Aeroponics | Green revolution | Biotechnology / Appropriate technology |
| How is irrigation used to increase global food supply? (1) | It's used to supply extra water to farming areas to increase or maintain production when the water supply is unreliable or low | |||
| What else does irrigation help to increase? (2) | Crop yields | Incomes (therefore decrease poverty) | ||
| What are some issues with irrigation systems? (4) | Large scale schemes can push people off the land to used for reservoirs | Increased water logging of soil and salinisation (or the build-up of salts and minerals in the soil) due to lack of drainage | Competition from water from irrigation systems leading to water scarcity for local subsistence farmers | The cost involved with setting up the method for delivering water |
| What are aeroponics? (1) | Aeroponics is the process of using air rather than soil to grow plants. Plants are usually suspended in the air in a closed environment such as a greenhouse. Nutrients and water are sprayed onto the roots of the plant in a fine mist every few minutes | |||
| How are aeroponics used to increase global food supply? (1) | The plants tend to grow faster because their roots are exposed to more oxygen and they get all the required nutrients | |||
| What are some advantages of using aeroponics? (4) | The plants are easily maintained | Less water and nutrients are needed as they are directly absorbed by the roots and not dispersed into the soil | It requires little space compared to conventional growing methods as plants can be stacked on top of one another | The plants can be easily moved around |
| What are some disadvantages of using aeroponics? (4) | It relies on the nutrient misting system. If this breaks down, it can lead to loss of all the plants | Specialist knowledge of the exact nutrient mix for the plants as well as the technology behind the system is needed | The root chambers which hold the plants must be regularly cleaned, as they are very easily contaminated in the warm, moist conditions | It is very expensive |
| What are hydroponics? (1) | Plants are grown in water. The roots of the plants are in a nutrient-rich water bath throughout their lifespan. | |||
| What are some examples of plants grown using hydroponics? (2) | Lettuce | Tomatoes | ||
| What are some advantages of using hydroponics? (4) | The plants receive more nutrients, which allows them to grow faster however the grower has total control over the speed of the growth | They use up less space, as plants can be stacked on top of one another | They use less water than plants grown conventionally | Disease found in soil is eliminated |
| What are some disadvantages of using hydroponics? (2) | Technical expertise is required | It's incredibly expensive to set up | ||
| What is biotechnology? (1) | Biotechnology is when plants, animals and fish are genetically modified (GM). For crops, this means injecting the genes from one plant into another to give the new plant some of the characteristics of the other one. This happened in the 1960s | |||
| What are some examples of biotechnology? (2) | Creating plants resistant to pests, diseases, or herbicides | Increased vitamins or proteins in rice and potatoes | Developed drought and salt resistant crops in order to be grown in poor conditions | Improved flavour and shelf life of foods |
| Why are people concerned about the use of biotechnology? (1) | The potential effects on the environment and human health | |||
| Where is GM foods more commonly found - Europe or North America? (1) | North America | |||
| What is the 'green revolution'? (1) | It was when scientists developed new strains of seeds which produced higher yields of crops. These were known as high-yielding varieties (HYV) | |||
| How did the green revolution help countries? (1) | In five years, the yields of rice, maize and wheat rose by 40% in Asia, in countries such as India and Bangladesh | |||
| How has the green revolution been used to increase global food supply? (1) | The introduction of the seeds and the method of multiple cropping meant that the agricultural industry was able to produce much larger quantities of cheaper food. This increase in productivity made it possible to feed the growing human population | |||
| What are the aims of the new green revolution? (4) | Rethinking farming techniques | Looking at the ecosystem in a holistic way | Raising yields | Protecting waterways, soil, and the wellbeing of the farming communities |
| What are some examples of the new green revolution? (4) | Breeding plants that can withstand drought | Encouraging nutrient cycling through crop rotation | Using genetic pest and disease control rather than chemical methods | Increasing crop production in some areas to reduce pressure on marginal areas |
| Why is appropriate technology needed? (3) | Often aid projects in LICs have used technology that is impractical for the local people. For example, while tractors and combine harvesters will speed up the production of crops, they also require fuel and specialist skills if they go wrong | Spare parts for tractors and harvesters are also very expensive and unavailable | Those using them must be able to operate them and repair them | |
| What is the case study for large-scale food production? (1) | Almeria | |||
| Where is Almeria located? (1) | In the south of Spain | |||
| What is the climate of Almeria? (2) | There is a total precipitation of 228mm per year | Can reach up to 30 degrees (celcius) in the Summer | ||
| How many hectares do the greenhouses in Almeria cover? (1) | 26 000 hectares | |||
| What kind of crops are grown in the Almeria greenhouses? (1) | Most of the UK's out of season crops e.g tomatoes, lettuce, melons, courgette, cucumber, and peppers | |||
| What kind of method do the Almeria greenhouses mostly use to grow crops? (1) | Hydroponics | |||
| Why has the large-scale farming in Almeria developed? (4) | Changes in people's diets to eat more vegetables | The development of suitable plastic to build the greenhouses | Crops can be grown without artificial temperature, because the av. temperature is 20 degrees | Low labour costs from immigrants |
| What are examples of the things that the greenhouses output? (4) | Plastic waste and organic waste | Recycling | Jobs and income | Multiplier effect on shops / bars / restaurants / hotels / entertainment |
| What are some advantages of the Almeria large-scale food production scheme pt 1? (4) | Large amounts of cheap, temporary labour from North Africa, Eastern Europe, and Central/South America | The advance of hydroponic growing techniques | Less water is used due to drip irrigation and hydroponics | Low energy costs due to the all-year-round warmer temperatures |
| What are some advantages of the Almeria large-scale food production scheme pt 2? (4) | Additional jobs created e.g packing plants, factory production and recycling | Relatively cheap, fresh fruit and vegetables provided all year | New science agribusiness companies have located in the area, providing high-skilled jobs | Strict UK regulations on quality have reduced levels on chemicals used and raised production standards |
| What are some disadvantages of the Almeria large-scale food production scheme pt 1? (4) | The immigrant labour is paid very low wages and often live and work in poor conditions, also there are often clashes between immigrants from different countries | The local environment has been badly affected. Large areas of land have been covered with plastic, destroying the natural ecosystems | Large amounts of litter are left around, including chemical containers and plastic sheeting | The increased use of pesticides in the area has led to increased health risks for those who work or live near the green houses |
| What are some disadvantages of the Almeria large-scale food production scheme pt 2? (3) | The natural water sources in the area (aquifers) are drying up | The greenhouses reflect sunlight back into the atmosphere and have contributed to the cooling of the area | Average temperatures have increased in the rest of Spain since 1983 but in Almeria they have dropped by 0.3 degrees Celsius per ten years | |
| What is sustainable food supply ensuring for our future? (1) | That fertile soil, water, and environmental resources are available for future generations | |||
| What is sustainability? (1) | Using what is needed to be used for living currently but also protecting future generations so that they can live as they need to | |||
| What are ways of producing food sustainably? (4) | Permaculture | Organic farming, local and seasonal food / urban farming initiatives | Sustainable meat/fish | Reducing food waste |
| What is the definition of permaculture? (1) | Permaculture as in 'permanent agriculture' refers to creating food production systems that work with nature to care for the Earth | |||
| What are some examples of permaculture? (3) | Using ladybugs as natural predators to control aphids instead of using pesticides | Organic farming | Eating locally-grown, or seasonal foods | |
| What is the definition of organic farming? (1) | Organic farming involves farmers producing crops without artificial chemicals | |||
| How is seasonal/local food more sustainable? (2) | It reduces food miles and the energy used in producing out of season food in greenhouses | It reduces the crops grown by LICs for export, and can release fertile land to be used to produce food for local people | ||
| What is the definition of urban farming? (1) | This is when gardens are created on unused land in towns and cities, the aim is to increase the connection people have with food production, and contribute to a sustainable system of food production | |||
| How does urban farming help make food production more sustainable? (2) | It engages the local community in HICs and LICs and contribute to a sustainable future | In LICs they form an important part of food security and contribute to income and nutrition | ||
| What is sustainable meat? (1) | This involves ensuring that the animals raised for meat such as sheep and cattle are done so in a sustainable environment | |||
| What is sustainable fish? (1) | This is when they are farmed or fished in a place where the species can maintain its population indefinitely, without impacting on other species in the ecosystem by removing their food source or damaging the environment | |||
| What is food loss? (1) | When food is thrown out before it reaches the point of sale | |||
| What is food waste? (1) | When food is thrown away after it has been purchased | |||
| Why is reducing food waste important? (2) | It's a big part of the problem of food insecurity, along with increasing sustainable food production. Currently one third of food produced for human consumption is lost of wasted globally | Food waste contributes to food insecurity, but also landfills which contributes to greenhouse gases | ||
| How can we reduce food waste? (4) | Encouraging consumers to shop more carefully by buying exactly what they need | Paying attention to 'use by' and 'best before' dates | Using leftovers in dishes | Ensuring food is stored correctly, and compost peelings and other vegetables |
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Amiieee
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