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Unit 3
Sensation and Perception
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Absolute threshold | The minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time |
| Accommodation | In sensation and perception the process by, which they eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. |
| Afterimage | Visual illusion in which retinal impressions persist after the removal of stimulus. |
| Binocular cues | A depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes |
| Bipolar cells | a type of nerve cells that combine the impulses from many of the visual receptor cells in the retinal and than transmits to ganglion cells |
| Blindspot | the point at which the optic nerve cell leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there |
| Bottom-up processing | analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information |
| Change Blindness | failing to notice changes in the environment, a form of inattentional blindness |
| Cochlea | a coiled, bony fluid filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid triggers nerve impulses |
| Cocktail party Effect | ability to focus one's attention a particular stimulus while filtering out of range stimulus |
| Color Blindness | lack of red or green sensitive cones |
| Color consistency | perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by object |
| Conduction hearing loss | a less common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea |
| Cones | retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in day light or well lit conditions. Cones detect fine details and rise to color sensations. |
| Convergence | more muscle strain when inward turn of eyeballs when looking at objects that are closer, less muscle strain when looking at objects that are further away |
| Cornea | the eye's clear, protective outer layer covering the pupil and iris |
| Difference threshold | a minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time just noticeable differences. |
| Feature detectors | nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle or movement |
| Figure-ground | the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings |
| Fovea | the central focus point in the retina, which the eye's cones cluster |
| Frequency theory | in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of tone, thus enabling us to sense pitch |
| Ganglion cells | cells in the retinal that receive visual information from the photo receptors by bipolar cells passes information to the brain |
| Gate-control theory | the theory that the spinal cord contains a nuerological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The gate is opened by the activity of pain signals is traveling up small nerve fibers and closed by activity in larger fibers or |
| Senses | Five main taste receptors- sweet, salty, bitter, unami, sour |
| Hammer, Anvil, stirrup | pick up vibrations and transmits to cochlea |
| Inattention blindness | failing to see visible objects when our attention is detected elsewhere |
| Intensity | the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness- determined by amplitude |
| Interpositon | objects obstructs another, which causes object covered to seem far away |
| Iris | a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil, that controls size of pupil opening |
| kinesthesis | our movement sense our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body arts. |
| Lens | the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina |
| McGurk Effect | a perceptual phenomenon which happens when a person perceives that the movement of another individuals lips don't match what the individual is saying |
| Monocular Cues | a depth cue, such as inter position or linear perspective available to either eye alone |
| Muller-Lyer illusion | optical illusion where 2 lines that are the same length appear to be different lengths |
| Olfactory bulb | brain structure responsible for our sense of smell |
| Opponent-processing theory | they theory that opposing retinal processing enable color vison stimulated by green inhibited by red. |
| Optic Nerve | the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |
| Parallel processing | processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions |
| Perceptual constancies | perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image changes |
| Perceptual set | a mental predisposition to perceive on thing and not the other |
| Phi Phenomenon | an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession |
| Pitch | a tones experienced highness or lowness depends n frequency |
| Place theory | in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochleas membrane is stimulated |
| Pupil | the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters |
| Relative Clarity | objects that appear distinct are closer objects that are blurry are far away |
| Relative height | objects located in the lower visual field are closer and objects located higher are further away |
| Relative size | objects that are larger are closer objects that are smaller re further away |
| Retina | the light sensitive inner surface of the eye containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual images |
| Retinal disairty | A binocular cue for perceiving depth, by comparing retinal images from the 2 eyes, the brain computes the distance, the greater the difference between the two images the closer the object. |
| Rods | retinal receptors that detect black,white, and gray and are sensitive to movement necessary for peripheral and twilight vision |
| Selective Attention | the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. |
| Sensorinueral hearing loss | hearing loss caused by damage to the cochleas receptor cells or to the auditory nerves the most common form of hearing loss |
| Sensory Adaptation | diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
| Sensory Interaction | the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences taste |
| Signal Detection Theory | a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of faint stimulation (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold a that detection depends on on a persons experiences, expectations, and motivation al |
| Stroop Effect | more time needed to name color when font color and name don't match |
| Sublimnal | below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness |
| Top-down processing | information processing guided by higher level mental processing as when we construct perceptions drawing on experiences and expectations |
| Transduction | conversion of one form of energy to another stimulus energy to neural impulses |
| Vestibular sense | our sense of bod movement and position that enables our sense of balance |
| Visual acuity | sharpness of vision |
| Visual capture | our tendencies to allow visual images to dominate perceptions |
| visual cliff | a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals |
| Wavelength | the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the next |
| Webers law | the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage |
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