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Psych Ch 7 Vocab
Cognition and Language
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cognition | the processes wherby we acquire and use knowledge |
| language | a flexible system of communication that uses sounds, rules, gestures, or symbols to convey information |
| signs | stereotyped communications about an animal's current state |
| phonemes | the basic sound units of a language that indicates changes in meaning |
| morphemes | the smallest meaningful units of speech, such as simple words, prefixes, and suffixes |
| grammar | the language rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language |
| syntax | the rules for arranging words into grammatical phrases and sentences |
| semantics | the criteria for assigning meaning to the morphemes in a language |
| surface structure | the particular words and phrases used to make up a sentence |
| deep structure | the underlying meaning of a sentence |
| image | a nonverbal mental representation of a sensory experience |
| concept | a mental category for classifying objects, people, or experiences |
| prototypes | according to Rosch, a mental model containing the most typical features of a concept |
| algorithm | a step-by-step method of problem solving that guarantees a correct solution |
| heuristics | rules of thumb that help in simplifying and solving problems, although they do not guarantee a correct solution |
| trial and error | a problem-solving strategy based on the successive elimination of incorrect solutions until the correct one is found |
| hill climbing | a heuristic problem-solving strategy in which each step moves you progressively closer to the final goal |
| subgoals | intermediate, more manageable goals used in one heuristic strategy to make it easier to reach the final goal |
| means-end analysis | a heuristic strategy that aims to reduce the discrepancy between the current situation and the desired goal at a number of intermediate points |
| working backward | a heuristic strategy in which one works backward from the desired goal to the given conditions |
| mental set | the tendency to perceive and approach problems in certain ways |
| functional fixedness | the tendency to perceive only a limited number of uses for an object, thus interfering with the process of problem solving |
| visualizing | a problem-solving strategy in which principles or concepts are drawn, diagrammed, or charted so that they canbe better understood |
| divergent thinking | thinking that meets the criteria of originality, inventiveness, and flexibility |
| convergent thinking | thinking that is directed toward one correct solution to a problem |
| brainstorming | a problem-solving strategy in which an individual or a group produces numerous ideas and evaluates them only after all ideas have been collected |
| compensatory model | a rational decision-making model in which choices are systematically evaluated on various criteria |
| representativeness | a heuristic by which a new situation is judged on the basis of its resemblance to a stereotypical model |
| availability | a heuristic by which a judgment or decision is based on information that is most easily retrieved from memory |
| confirmation bias | the tendency to look for evidence in support of a belief and to ignore evidenfe that would disprove a belief |
| framing | the perspective or phrasing of information that is used to make a decision |
| hindsight bias | the tendency to view outcomes as inevitable and predictable after we know the outcome |
| counterfactual thinking | thinking about alternative realities and things that never happened |
| linguistic relativity hypothesis | Whorf's idea that patterns of thinking are determined by the specific language one speaks |
| figurative language | expressive or nonliteral language such as metaphor and irony |
| telegraphic speech | an early speech stage of 1- and 2-year-olds that omits words that are not essential to the meaning of a phrase |
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