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Thinking & Language
Unit 5 Cognitive Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
| concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people |
| prototype | a mental image or best example of a category matching new items to a prototype provides a quick/easy method for sorting items into categories |
| creativity | the ability to produce new and valuable ideas |
| convergent thinking | narrowing available problem solutions to determine the single best solution |
| divergent thinking | expanding the number of possible problem solutions, creative thinking that diverges in different directions |
| algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. contrasts with heuristics |
| heuristic | a simple thinking strategy, that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently, usually speedier and more error-prone that an algorithm |
| insight | a sudden realization of a problem's solution, contrasts with strategy- based solutions |
| confirmation bias | a tendency to search for info that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
| fixation | in cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, an obstacle to problem solving |
| mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
| intuition | an effortless, immediate automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning |
| repressentativeness heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seen to represent, or match, particular prototypes, may lead us to ignore other relevant info |
| availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory, if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common |
| overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct, to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs/judgements |
| belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
| framing | the way an issue is posed, how an issue is worded can significantly, affect decisions and judgments |
| language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning |
| phoneme | in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
| morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning, may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) |
| grammar | in a language, a system of rule that enables us to communicate with and understand others. semantics is the language's set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is its set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences |
| babbling stage | beginning around 4 months, the stage of speech development in which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |
| one word stage | the stage in speech development, from about age 1-2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
| two word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two- word statements |
| telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram "go car" using mostly nouns and verbs |
| aphasia | impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to the Broca's area (impairing speech) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding of speech) |
| broca's area | helps control language expression, an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech |
| wernicke's area | a brain's area involved in language comprehension and expression, usually in the left temporal lobe |
| linguistic determinism | the strong form of Whorf's hypothesis that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us |
| linguistic influence | the weaker form of "linguistic relativity", the idea that language affects thought (thus our thinking and world views "relative to" our culture language) |
| functional fixedness | Thinking of things only in terms of useful functions |
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