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Psych Ch 5 Vocab
Learning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| learning | the process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior |
| conditioning | the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well-defined stimuli |
| classical (Pavlovian) conditioning | the type of learning in which a response naturally elicited by one stimulus comes to be elicited by a different, formerly neutral stimulus |
| operant (instrumental) conditioning | the type of learning in which behaviors are emitted (in the presence of specific stimuli) to earn rewards or avoid punishments |
| unconditioned stimulus (US) | a stimulus that invariably causes an organism to respond in a specific way |
| unconditioned response (UR) | a response that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | an originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditined stimulus and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone |
| conditioned response (CR) | after conditioning,the response an organism produces when only a conditioned stimulus is presented |
| desensitization therapy | a conditioning technique designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation |
| conditioned food (taste) aversion | conditioned avoidance of certain foods even if there is only one pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli |
| operant behiavior | behavior designed to operate on the environment in a way that will gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant |
| reinforcer | a stimulus that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated |
| punisher | a stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated |
| law of effect | Thorndike's theory that behavior consistently rewarded will be "stamped in" as learned behavior, and behavior that brings about discomfort will be "stamped out" (also known as the principle of reinforcement) |
| positive reinforcer | any event whose presence increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur |
| negative reinforcer | any event whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur |
| punishment | any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur |
| avoidance training | learning a desirable behavior to prevent the occurrence of something unpleasant such as punishment |
| learned helplessness | failure to take steps to avoid or escape from an unpleasant or averisice stimulus that occurs as a result of previous exposure to unavoidable painful stimuli |
| response acquisition | the "building phase" of conditioning during which the likelihood or strength of the desired response increases |
| intermittent pairing | pairing the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus on only a portion of the learning trials |
| Skinner box | a box often used in operant conditioning of animals, which limits the available response and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur |
| shaping | reinforcing successive approximation to a desired behavior |
| extinction | a decrease int he strength or frequency of a learned response because of failure to continue pairing the US and CS (classical conditioning) or withholding of reinforcement (operant conditioning) |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance of of an extinguished response after the passage of time, without further training |
| stimulus generalization | the transfer of a learned response to different but similar stimuli |
| stimulus discrimination | learning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhibit the response to all other stimuli |
| response generalization | giving a response that is somewhat different from the response originally learned to that stimulus |
| higher-order conditioning | conditioning based on previous learning; the conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for further training |
| primary reinforcer | a reinforcer that is rewarding in itself, such as food, water, and sex |
| secondary reinforcer | a reinforcer whose value is acquired through association with other primary or secondary reinforcers |
| contingency | a reliable "if-then" relationship between two events such as a CS and a US |
| blocking | a process whereby prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a second stimulus even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously |
| schedule of reinforcement | in operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often reinforcers will be delivered |
| fixed-interval schedule | a reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after a fixed length of time since the last reinforcement |
| variable-interval schedule | a reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after varying lengths of time following the last reinforcement |
| fixed-ratio schedule | a reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after a fixed number of correct responses |
| variable-ratio schedule | a reinforcement schedule in which a verying number of correct responses must occur before reinforcement is presented |
| biofeedback | a technique that uses monitoring devices to provide precise information about internal physiological processes, such as heart reate or blood pressure, to teach people to gain voluntary control over these functions |
| cognitive learning | learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable |
| latent learning | learning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior change |
| cognitive map | a lerned mental image of a spatial environment that may be called on to solve problems when stimuli in the environment change |
| insight | learning that occurs rapidly as a result of understanding all the elements of a problem |
| learning set | the ability to become increasingly more effective in solving problems as more problems are solved |
| social learning theory | a view of learning that emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions, without firsthand experience by the learner |
| observational (vicarious) learning | learning by observing other people's behavior |
| vicarious reinforcement/vicarious punishment | reinforcement or punishment experienced by models that affects the willingness of others to perform the behaviors they learned by observing those models |
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