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AP Psych Unit Two
2023- 2024, Research Methods
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Scientific Attitude | facts speak for themselves, typically curious, skeptical and humility |
| Hindsight Bias | looking back in time and the event seemed as if it were inevitable |
| Overconfident | when we are more confident that we know something than we are correct |
| Anchoring Affect | cognitive bias influence you yo rely heavily on the first piece of evidence |
| Hypothesis | a guess, not proven yet |
| Theory | organized observation and tries to predict outcomes |
| Operational Definitions | 1)a precise statement of the procedures+concepts 2) measured numerically, you should be able to recall and replicate |
| Validity | testing what is suppose to be tested |
| Reliability | are we getting consistent results |
| descriptive methods | survey, case study, naturalistic observation |
| correlational methods | predict different relationships |
| experimental methods | manipulate variables |
| Case Study | one person to learn about people in general positive: depth of information is vast problem: to specific, doesn't much |
| Survey | self reported attitude, representative and random sampling postivite: cheap and fast problem: wording affect, low response rate, inaccurate sampling bias, not random |
| Population | where samples are being drawn from |
| Naturalistic Observation | watching something in its normal surroundings problem:can not manipulate variables |
| Hawthorne Affect | acting differently when we know were being watched, bad thing |
| only an experiment | can show causation |
| correlation | if do things relate or go together they correlate |
| correlation coefficient | how closely 2 things go together. from +1 to -1 and if it is closer to 0 it is not very correlated seen through R value |
| Positive Correlation | going in same direction, does not matter if they are both neg or pos |
| Negative Correlation | different directions |
| Scatter Plots | 2 variable in x an y, pos v. neg |
| Confounding Variable | 3rd variable, can through experiment off, protections against such are, double blind study, random selection, operational bias, random assignment |
| Illusionary Correlation | superstitions, reception of a relationship where none exists |
| Experiments | cause and effect! pos- find out change neg-confounding cariable, experimental bias and ethics |
| cause keywords | causation, cause, causual |
| Random Selection | sampling bias eliminated |
| Random Assignment | either control or independent variable |
| Single Blind Study | only the participate is aware of which group they are in |
| Double Blind Study | researcher and participate are unaware of the group |
| Placebo | Fake Drug |
| Placebo Affect | giving fake, person thinks its real and they feel the affects of it |
| Ethincs - Debrief the RAIN | five ethics need to be acknowledged - R(risks). A(anonymity), I(informed), N(no coercion) Debrief |
| Why do we study animals? | biology systems are more simplified, shorter life cycles and some experiments are not ethical for humans |
| Central Tendency | center of a bunch of numbers, mean, mode, median |
| Mean | average |
| Mode | most occur |
| Median | 50th percentile |
| Range | difference of highest to lowest |
| Standard Deviation | how much numbers deviate from the mean, lower number is better |
| Normal Distribution | Normal Curve (bell curve), mmm (mode,mean,median) end up in the middle |
| Inferential Statistics | determining whether it happened by chance or if the experiment can be applied to the population |
| Sample Size | the larger the sample size, the more accurate and better the results |
| Statistical Significance | how likely it is thata result occured by chance, p value is probablity, should be less than 0.5 or 5% |
| Making Inference | 2 pillars of measurement, reliability |
| face validity | surface level, just looking at it |
| content validity | test knowledge you want to measure |
| predictive validity | predicts what is suppose to happen |
Created by:
anisassyed
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