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Chapter 5 and 6
Digestive System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Absorption | Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream. |
| Amino Acids | Small building blocks of proteins (like links in a chain), released when proteins are digested. |
| Amylase | Enzyme (-ase) secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch (amyl/o). |
| Anus | Terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body. |
| Appendix | Blind pouch hanging from the cecum. |
| Bile | Digestive juice made in the live and stored in the gallbladder. |
| Bilirubin | Pigment released by the liver in bile |
| Bowel | Intestine |
| Canine Teeth | Pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors |
| Cecum | First part of the large intestine. |
| Colon | Portion of the large intestine consisting of the Ascending, Transverse, Descending, and Sigmoid segments. |
| Common Bile Duct | Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the Duodenum. |
| Defecation | Elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus |
| Deglutition | Swallowing |
| Dentin | Primary material found in teeth |
| Digestion | Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms |
| Duodenum | First part of the small intestine |
| Elimination | Act of removal of materials from the body |
| Emulsification | Physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules. |
| Enamel | Hard, outermost layer of a tooth |
| Enzyme | Chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances |
| Esophagus | Tube connecting the throat to the stomach |
| Fatty Acids | Substances that are produced when fats are digested |
| Feces | Solid waste; stool |
| Gallbladder | Small sac under the live that stores bile |
| Glucose | Simple sugar |
| Glycogen | Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells |
| Hydrochloric acid | Substance produced in the stomach; necessary for food digestion |
| Ileum | Third part of the small intestine |
| Incisor | Any one of four front teeth in the dental arch |
| Insulin | Hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. |
| Jejunum | Second part of the small intestine |
| Lipase | Pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats |
| liver | Large organ that secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; Destroys worn out erythrocytes; and filters out toxins. |
| Lower Esophageal Sphincter | Ring of muscle between the esophagus and the stomach |
| Mastication | Chewing |
| Molar Teeth | Sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch |
| Palate | Roof of the mouth |
| Pancreas | Organ behind the stomach that produces insulin |
| Papillae | Small projections on the tongue |
| Parotid Gland | Salivary gland within the cheek; anterior to the ear |
| Peristalsis | Rhythmic contraction of the tubular organs |
| Pharynx | Throat |
| Portal Vein | Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines |
| Protease | Enzyme that digests protein |
| Pulp | Soft tissue within a tooth, containing blood vessels and nerves |
| Pyloric Sphincter | Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum; opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it |
| Pylorus | Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum |
| Rectum | Last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus. |
| Rugae | Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach |
| Saliva | Digestive juice produced by salivary glands; contains the enzyme amylase. |
| Salivary Glands | Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands |
| Sigmoid colon | Fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum |
| Sphincter | Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening |
| Stomach | Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus |
| Triglycerides | Fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol; subgroup of lipids. Lipid is cholesterol |
| Uvula | Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate |
| Villi | Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream |
| Anorexia | lack of appetite |
| Ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen |
| Borborygmus | rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract |
| Constipation | difficulty in passing stools |
| Diarrhea | frequent passage of loose, watery stools |
| Dysphagia | difficulty in swallowing |
| Eructation | gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth |
| Flatus | gas expelled through the anus |
| Hematochezia | passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum |
| Jaundice (icterus) | yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood |
| Melena | black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood |
| Nausea | unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit |
| Steatorrhea | fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter |
| Aphthous stomatitis | inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers |
| Dental caries | tooth decay |
| Herpetic stomatitis | inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpes virus |
| Oral Leukoplakia | white plaques or patches |
| Periodontal Disease | inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth and surrounding bone |
| Achalasia | failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax |
| Esophageal cancer | malignant tumor of the esophagus |
| Esophageal varices | swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus |
| Gastric carcinoma | malignant tumor of the stomach |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach |
| Peptic ulcer | open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum |
| Hernia | Protrusion of an organ part through the muscle normally containing it |
| Anal fistula | abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus |
| Colonic polyposis | polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon |
| Colorectal cancer | adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both |
| Crohn disease | chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract |
| Diverticulosis | abnormal side pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal wall |
| Dysentery | Painful, inflamed intestines |
| Hemorrhoids | swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region |
| Ileus | failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) | inflammation of the colon and small intestine |
| Intussusception | telescoping of the intestines |
| IBS | Irritable bowel syndrome-group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension |
| Ulcerative Colitis | chronic inflammation of the colon with the presence of ulcers |
| Volvulus | twisting of the intestines on itself |
| Cirrhosis | chronic degenerative disease of the liver |
| Pancreatic cancer | malignant tumor of the pancreas |
| Pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas |
| Viral hepatitis | inflammation of the liver cause by a virus |
| -Tresia | Opening |
| -Stenosis | narrowing, tightening |
| -Stasis | Controlling, stopping |
| -spasm | Involuntary contraction of muscles |
| -rrhea | flow, discharge |
| -rrhaphy | suture |
| -rrhage, -rrhagia | bursting forth (of blood) |
| -ptysis | spitting |
| -plasty | surgical repair |
| -phagia | eating, swallowing |
| -pepsia | digestion |
| -emesis | vomiting |
| -ectasia, -ectasis | dilation, (dilatation), widening |
Created by:
dearthadi
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