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Which is a function of both the endocrine and nervous system?
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List the fundamental physiological properties of neurons.
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Unit 4 Chapter 12
Nervous Tissue
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which is a function of both the endocrine and nervous system? | Maintaining internal coordination |
| List the fundamental physiological properties of neurons. | Excitability, conductivity, secretion |
| The three functional classes of neurons: | Motor neurons Interneurons Sensory neurons |
| What are the names for the cell body of a neuron. | Neurosoma Soma |
| Movement away from the neuron cell body toward an axon ending is called ______ transport. | anterograde |
| Two organ systems are dedicated to internal coordination, communication between the other systems, and maintaining the overall homeostasis of the body. They are the _______ system, which communicates by means of hormones and | endocrine |
| The _______ system which sends quick electrical and chemical messages from cell to cell. | Nervous |
| What are some characteristics of neuroglia. | They protect the neurons and help them function. They bind neurons together and provide a supportive scaffold. |
| The release of a neurotransmitter is an example of which physiological property exhibited by a neuron? | Secretion |
| Which types of glial cells are found in the central nervous system? | Microglia Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Ependymal cells |
| Sensory, inter, and motor are the three classes of ______. | neurons |
| The soma of a neuron gives rise to branch-like processes called what? They are the primary sites for receiving signals from other neurons. | Dendrites |
| The myelin sheath is a spiral layer of ______ around a nerve fiber. | insulation |
| Kinesin is a type of axonal transport. What is its corresponding motor protein? | Anterograde transport |
| Dynein is a type of axonal transport. What is its corresponding motor protein? | Retrograde transport |
| Where are unmyelinated axons found? | In both the central and peripheral nervous systems |
| What is the approximate ratio of glial cells to neurons? | 10:1 |
| Satellite cells | In the PNS; surround somas of neurons in ganglia, provide electrical insulation, and regulate the chemical environment of neurons |
| Schwann cells | In the PNS; form neurilemma around all PNS fibers and myelin around most of them; aid in regeneration of damaged nerve fibers. |
| Ependymal cells | In the CNS; line cavities of the brain and spinal cord; secrete and circulate CSF |
| Microglia | In the CNS; phagocytize microorganisms, foreign matter, and dead nervous tissue |
| factors that influence the speed of nerve signal conduction. | Diameter of axon Presence of myelin |
| The structure that consists of spiral layers of insulation around an axon is called a(n) _________ sheath. | Myelin |
| Which of the following is required for nerve fiber regeneration? Epineurium Endoneurium Perineurium | Endoneurium |
| True or False: Unmyelinated nerve fibers (axons) in the PNS are enveloped in Schwann cells. | True Although the Schwann cell's plasma membrane does not spiral repeatedly around the axon as it does when forming a myelin sheath, it does fold once around each axon to form the neurilemma. |
| Which cells protect the neurons and help them function? Multipolar Efferent Neuroglia Afferent | Neuroglia |
| An electrical potential is a form of what type of energy? | Potential energy |
| Which types of glial cells are found in the central nervous system? | Astrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells Oligodendrocytes |
| The plasma membrane is most permeable to which ion? | Potassium |
| Which is true about a neuron with a large diameter, myelinated axon as compared to a neuron with a small diameter, unmyelinated axon? | Signal conduction will be faster |
| Which type of glial cell aids in regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers by forming a regeneration tube to help reestablish the former connection? | Schwann cells |
| A local potential is what type of change in voltage? | A short-range change only |
| An axon lacking a myelin sheath is said to be what? | Unmyelinated |
| Which term refers to the upward change in membrane potential during an action potential? | Depolarization |
| Define electrical potential? | A form of potential energy that can produce current |
| Which ion has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential of most neurons? | Potassium |
| Which of the following would have the fasted conduction speed? Large myelinated axon Small unmyelinated axon Small myelinated axon | Large myelinated axon |
| The refractory period in which it is possible to trigger a new action potential, but only with an unusually strong stimulus is the ______ refractory period. | relative |
| Which term refers to decremental changes in electrical potential along a dendrite or the soma? Resting potentials Local potentials Action potentials Synaptic potentials | Local potentials |
| Continuous conduction occurs in what type of axon? | Unmyelinated only |
| The minimum amount of voltage needed to open voltage-gated channels on an axon is called what? | Threshold |
| An electrical potential is a form of what type of energy? | Potential energy |
| The neuron that responds to the presynaptic neuron is called the _________ neuron. | Postsynaptic |
| What contributes to the development of the resting membrane potential in neurons? | K+ is more concentrated in the ICF than in the ECF. |
| The refractory period in which no stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential is the ______ refractory period. | absolute |
| In electrical synapses, electrical signals move quickly from cell to cell through which of the following? | Gap junctions |
| What best describes signal conduction in unmyelinated axons? | A wave of depolarization opens more voltage-gated channels immediately distal to the action potential. |
| In a synapse, where are synaptic vesicles located? | In the axon terminal |
| What term refers to the upward change in membrane potential during an action potential? | Depolarization |
| Molecules that are synthesized by a neuron and are released when a nerve signal reaches an axon terminal are called _________. | Neurotransmitters |
| At a synapse, the neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter is the ______ neuron. | postsynaptic |
| Neurotransmitters.: | They are inhibitory. They are excitatory. Their actions depend on their receptors. |
| Which are the sites of learning and memory? | Chemical synapses |
| Which cells of the central nervous system can absorb stray neurotransmitters? | Astrocytes |
| What are ways neuromodulators alter synaptic transmission. | Altering the breakdown and/or reuptake of neurotransmitter Increasing the release of neurotransmitters by presynaptic neurons Adjusting the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters |
| Choose all the statements that characterize neurotransmitters? | They are released in response to stimulation. They bind to receptors and alter the physiology of the postsynaptic cell. They are synthesized by presynaptic neurons. |
| True or False: All neurotransmitters have an excitatory effect. | False |
| True or False: The more synapses a neuron has, the lesser its information-processing capability. | False Neural integration allows the nervous system to process information, store it, and make decisions. Chemical synapses are the decision-making devices of the system. The more synapses a neuron has, the greater its information-processing capability |
| What would cause postsynaptic stimulation to end? | -Reuptake of neurotransmitter into the presynaptic knob -Cessation of signals in the presynaptic nerve fiber -Enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitter in synaptic cleft -Diffusion of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft into extracellular fluid |
| Which alter synaptic transmission by adjusting the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters or by affecting the breakdown and/or removal of a neurotransmitter? | Neuromodulators |
| EPSPs and IPSPs are examples of what? | Postsynaptic potentials |
| There are two ways in which EPSPs can add up to produce enough activity to make a postsynaptic cell fire. They are temporal and spatial __________. | Summation |
| Neural coding is called what then it occurs in sense organs? | Sensory coding |
| What term describes the ability of neurons to process information, store and recall it, and make decisions? | Neural integration |
| A large collection of interneurons that function in one big ensemble is called a(n) ________ pool. | Neuronal |
| Short-term memory allows you to remember things for up to how long? | Hours |
| Neural integration is based on the combining together of which of the following? | Postsynaptic potentials |
| The process of adding up postsynaptic potentials and responding to their net effect is called what? | Summation |
| What is the role of neural pools in the CNS? | To process information |
| Which type of memory allows you to remember things from up to a few hours ago? | Short-term |
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