Nervous Tissue
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| Which is a function of both the endocrine and nervous system? | Maintaining internal coordination
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| List the fundamental physiological properties of neurons. | Excitability, conductivity, secretion
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| The three functional classes of neurons: | Motor neurons
Interneurons
Sensory neurons
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| What are the names for the cell body of a neuron. | Neurosoma
Soma
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| Movement away from the neuron cell body toward an axon ending is called ______ transport. | anterograde
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| Two organ systems are dedicated to internal coordination, communication between the other systems, and maintaining the overall homeostasis of the body. They are the _______ system, which communicates by means of hormones and | endocrine
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| The _______ system which sends quick electrical and chemical messages from cell to cell. | Nervous
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| What are some characteristics of neuroglia. | They protect the neurons and help them function.
They bind neurons together and provide a supportive scaffold.
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| The release of a neurotransmitter is an example of which physiological property exhibited by a neuron? | Secretion
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| Which types of glial cells are found in the central nervous system? | Microglia
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
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| Sensory, inter, and motor are the three classes of ______. | neurons
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| The soma of a neuron gives rise to branch-like processes called what? They are the primary sites for receiving signals from other neurons. | Dendrites
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| The myelin sheath is a spiral layer of ______ around a nerve fiber. | insulation
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| Kinesin is a type of axonal transport. What is its corresponding motor protein? | Anterograde transport
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| Dynein is a type of axonal transport. What is its corresponding motor protein? | Retrograde transport
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| Where are unmyelinated axons found? | In both the central and peripheral nervous systems
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| What is the approximate ratio of glial cells to neurons? | 10:1
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| Satellite cells | In the PNS; surround somas of neurons in ganglia, provide electrical insulation, and regulate the chemical environment of neurons
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| Schwann cells | In the PNS; form neurilemma around all PNS fibers and myelin around most of them; aid in regeneration of damaged nerve fibers.
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| Ependymal cells | In the CNS; line cavities of the brain and spinal cord; secrete and circulate CSF
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| Microglia | In the CNS; phagocytize microorganisms, foreign matter, and dead nervous tissue
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| factors that influence the speed of nerve signal conduction. | Diameter of axon
Presence of myelin
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| The structure that consists of spiral layers of insulation around an axon is called a(n) _________ sheath. | Myelin
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| Which of the following is required for nerve fiber regeneration? Epineurium Endoneurium Perineurium | Endoneurium
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| True or False: Unmyelinated nerve fibers (axons) in the PNS are enveloped in Schwann cells. | True
Although the Schwann cell's plasma membrane does not spiral repeatedly around the axon as it does when forming a myelin sheath, it does fold once around each axon to form the neurilemma.
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| Which cells protect the neurons and help them function? Multipolar Efferent Neuroglia Afferent | Neuroglia
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| An electrical potential is a form of what type of energy? | Potential energy
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| Which types of glial cells are found in the central nervous system? | Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes
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| The plasma membrane is most permeable to which ion? | Potassium
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| Which is true about a neuron with a large diameter, myelinated axon as compared to a neuron with a small diameter, unmyelinated axon? | Signal conduction will be faster
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| Which type of glial cell aids in regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers by forming a regeneration tube to help reestablish the former connection? | Schwann cells
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| A local potential is what type of change in voltage? | A short-range change only
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| An axon lacking a myelin sheath is said to be what? | Unmyelinated
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| Which term refers to the upward change in membrane potential during an action potential? | Depolarization
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| Define electrical potential? | A form of potential energy that can produce current
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| Which ion has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential of most neurons? | Potassium
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| Which of the following would have the fasted conduction speed? Large myelinated axon Small unmyelinated axon Small myelinated axon | Large myelinated axon
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| The refractory period in which it is possible to trigger a new action potential, but only with an unusually strong stimulus is the ______ refractory period. | relative
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| Which term refers to decremental changes in electrical potential along a dendrite or the soma? Resting potentials Local potentials Action potentials Synaptic potentials | Local potentials
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| Continuous conduction occurs in what type of axon? | Unmyelinated only
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| The minimum amount of voltage needed to open voltage-gated channels on an axon is called what? | Threshold
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| An electrical potential is a form of what type of energy? | Potential energy
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| The neuron that responds to the presynaptic neuron is called the _________ neuron. | Postsynaptic
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| What contributes to the development of the resting membrane potential in neurons? | K+ is more concentrated in the ICF than in the ECF.
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| The refractory period in which no stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential is the ______ refractory period. | absolute
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| In electrical synapses, electrical signals move quickly from cell to cell through which of the following? | Gap junctions
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| What best describes signal conduction in unmyelinated axons? | A wave of depolarization opens more voltage-gated channels immediately distal to the action potential.
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| In a synapse, where are synaptic vesicles located? | In the axon terminal
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| What term refers to the upward change in membrane potential during an action potential? | Depolarization
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| Molecules that are synthesized by a neuron and are released when a nerve signal reaches an axon terminal are called _________. | Neurotransmitters
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| At a synapse, the neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter is the ______ neuron. | postsynaptic
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| Neurotransmitters.: | They are inhibitory.
They are excitatory.
Their actions depend on their receptors.
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| Which are the sites of learning and memory? | Chemical synapses
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| Which cells of the central nervous system can absorb stray neurotransmitters? | Astrocytes
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| What are ways neuromodulators alter synaptic transmission. | Altering the breakdown and/or reuptake of neurotransmitter
Increasing the release of neurotransmitters by presynaptic neurons
Adjusting the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters
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| Choose all the statements that characterize neurotransmitters? | They are released in response to stimulation.
They bind to receptors and alter the physiology of the postsynaptic cell.
They are synthesized by presynaptic neurons.
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| True or False: All neurotransmitters have an excitatory effect. | False
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| True or False: The more synapses a neuron has, the lesser its information-processing capability. | False
Neural integration allows the nervous system to process information, store it, and make decisions. Chemical synapses are the decision-making devices of the system. The more synapses a neuron has, the greater its information-processing capability
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| What would cause postsynaptic stimulation to end? | -Reuptake of neurotransmitter into the presynaptic knob
-Cessation of signals in the presynaptic nerve fiber
-Enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitter in synaptic cleft
-Diffusion of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft into extracellular fluid
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| Which alter synaptic transmission by adjusting the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters or by affecting the breakdown and/or removal of a neurotransmitter? | Neuromodulators
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| EPSPs and IPSPs are examples of what? | Postsynaptic potentials
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| There are two ways in which EPSPs can add up to produce enough activity to make a postsynaptic cell fire. They are temporal and spatial __________. | Summation
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| Neural coding is called what then it occurs in sense organs? | Sensory coding
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| What term describes the ability of neurons to process information, store and recall it, and make decisions? | Neural integration
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| A large collection of interneurons that function in one big ensemble is called a(n) ________ pool. | Neuronal
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| Short-term memory allows you to remember things for up to how long? | Hours
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| Neural integration is based on the combining together of which of the following? | Postsynaptic potentials
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| The process of adding up postsynaptic potentials and responding to their net effect is called what? | Summation
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| What is the role of neural pools in the CNS? | To process information
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| Which type of memory allows you to remember things from up to a few hours ago? | Short-term
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