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Lower Extremity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many and what kind of bones comprise the foot and ankle? | 14 phalanges, 5 metatarsals, and 7 tarsals |
| Which bone classification are tarsals? | c. Short |
| What is the most distal part of a metatarsal? | Head |
| Where in the foot is the tuberosity that is easily palpable? | Proximal portion of the fifth metatarsal |
| Which tarsal bone is the most superior tarsal bone? | Talus |
| Which tarsal bone is the largest of the tarsal bones? | Calcaneus |
| Which tarsal bone is located on the lateral side of the foot between the calcaneus and the fourth and fifth metatarsals? | Cuboid |
| Which tarsal bone is located on the medial side of the foot between the talus and the three cuneiforms? | Navicular |
| Which bone articulates medially with the cuboid? | Lateral cuneiform |
| Which bones comprise the midfoot? | Navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms |
| Which bone articulates with the superior surface of the calcaneus? | Talus |
| Which bones articulate distally with the tarsal navicular? | Cuneiforms |
| Which bones articulate distally with the three cuneiforms? | Metatarsals |
| Which bones articulate with the metatarsals? | Cuneiforms and cuboid |
| Which cuneiform is the largest cuneiform? | Medial |
| Where in the foot are the cuneiforms located? | Between the navicular and the metatarsals |
| Which articulation is an ellipsoid-type joint? | Metatarsophalangeal |
| Which articulation of the foot is a gliding-type joint? | Intertarsal |
| Which two tarsal bones articulate with each other by way of three facets? | Talus and calcaneus |
| Which part of the talus articulates with the distal tibia? | Trochlea |
| Which type of joint is the ankle joint? | Hinge |
| Where is the medial malleolus located in the leg? | Distal tibia |
| Where is the lateral malleolus located in the leg? | Distal fibula |
| What structure is located on the proximal end of the fibula? | Apex |
| Where is the intercondylar eminence located? | Proximal tibia |
| Where are the tibial plateaus located? | Proximal tibia |
| On which border of the tibia is the crest located? | Anterior |
| Which term refers to the sharp ridge on the anterior border of the tibia? | Crest |
| Which term refers to the prominent process on the anterior surface of the proximal tibia that is just infe-rior to the condyles? | Tuberosity |
| Which joint is formed by the articulation of the head of the fibula with the lateral condyle of the tibia? | Proximal tibiofibular |
| Which type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint? | Gliding |
| Which structure is located on the head of the fibula? | Apex |
| With which structure does the head of the fibula articulate? | Lateral tibial condyle |
| Which term refers to the inferior tip of the patella? | Apex |
| Which part of the patella is the base? | Superior border |
| Where on the femur is the greater trochanter located? | Lateral and superior |
| Where on the femur is the lesser trochanter located? | Medial and posterior |
| Where is the fovea capitis located? | Proximal femur |
| Where is the intercondylar fossa located? | Distal femur |
| Which femoral structures articulate with the tibia? | Condyles |
| With which structure does the head of the femur articulate? | Acetabulum |
| How many degrees and in what direction should the central ray be directed for the AP axial projection of the toes? | 15 degrees cephalad (toward the heel) |
| How many degrees and in what direction should the foot be rotated for the AP oblique projection to demonstrate the second toe? | 30 to 45 degrees medially |
| How and toward what centering point should the central ray be directed for the AP oblique projection to demonstrate all five toes? | Perpendicular to the third metatarsophalangeal joint |
| How many degrees and in what direction should the foot be rotated for the AP oblique projection for the best demonstration of the great toe? | 30 to 45 degrees medially |
| What other projection term refers to the AP projec-tion of the foot? | Dorsoplantar |
| How many degrees and in what direction should the central ray be directed for the AP axial projection of the foot? | 10 degrees cephalad (toward the heel) |
| 10 degrees cephWhich projection of the foot best demonstrates the cuboid and its articulations? | AP oblique (medial rotation) |
| How many degrees and in what direction should the foot be rotated for the AP oblique projection of the foot? | 30 degrees medially |
| What is the appropriate collimated field size for the AP projection of the foot? | 1 inch (2.5 cm) of all sides, including 1 inch (2.5 cm) beyond the calcaneus and distal tips of the toes |
| Where should the central ray be directed for the AP oblique projection of the foot? | To the base of the third metatarsal |
| Regardless of the condition of the patient, which po-sitioning maneuver should be performed to position the foot for the lateral projection? | Ensure that the plantar surface is perpendicular to the IR. |
| How should the central ray be directed for the best demonstration of the tarsometatarsal joint spaces of the midfoot for the AP projection of the foot? | 10 degrees posteriorly (toward the heel) |
| Which projection of the foot best demonstrates the sinus tarsi? | AP oblique projection (medial rotation) |
| Which projection of the foot best demonstrates most of the tarsals with the least amount of superimposition? | AP oblique projection (medial rotation) |
| Which projection of the foot best demonstrates the bases of the fourth and fifth metatarsals free from superimposition? | AP oblique projection (medial rotation) |
| Which projection of the foot should demonstrate the metatarsals nearly superimposed on each other? | Lateral projection |
| Which two projections comprise the typical series that best demonstrates the calcaneus? | Axial (plantodorsal) and lateral projections |
| How many degrees and in what direction should the central ray be directed for the axial (plantodorsal) projection of the calcaneus? | 40 degrees cephalad |
| What procedural compensation is required for the plantodorsal axial projection of the calcaneus when the patient cannot dorsiflex the foot sufficiently to place the plantar surface vertical? | Elevate the leg on sandbags to achieve the correct position. |
| At which level on the plantar surface should the cen-tral ray enter the foot for the axial (plantodorsal) pro-jection of the calcaneus? | Base of the third metatarsal |
| Where should the central ray be directed for the lat-eral projection of the calcaneus? | Toward the midpoint of the calcaneus |
| Where should the central ray enter for the lateral pro-jection of the ankle? | At the medial malleolus |
| How many degrees and in which direction should the foot and leg be rotated for the best demonstration of the mortise joint for the AP oblique projection of the ankle? | 15 to 20 degrees medially |
| Which projection of the ankle best demon-strates the talofibular joint space free from bony superimposition? | AP oblique projection (15-20 degree medial rotation) |
| Which articulation should be open on the AP oblique projection (45 degree medial rotation) of the ankle? | Distal tibiofibular |
| With reference to the plane of the IR, how should the malleoli be positioned for the AP oblique projection of the ankle for the best demonstration of the mortise joint spaces open? | Parallel |
| Which projection of the ankle should be performed for the best demonstration of a ligamentous tear? | AP projection with inversion |
| How long should the collimated field be for the AP and AP oblique projections of the ankle? | 8 inches (20 cm) |
| Which projection of the knee best demonstrates the femorotibial joint space open if the patient measures more than 24 cm (10 inches) between the ASIS and the tabletop? | AP projection with the central ray angled 3 to 5 degrees cephalad |
| For the lateral projection of the knee, how many de-grees should the knee be flexed? | 20 to 30 degrees |
| How many degrees of angulation should be formed between the femur and the radiographic table for the PA axial projection (Holmblad method) of the knee? | 70 degrees |
| Which of the following projections of the knee best demonstrates the intercondylar fossa? | PA axial projection (Holmblad method) |
| How many degrees and in what direction should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of the knee? | 5 to 7 degrees cephalad |
| Which structure of the knee is best demonstrated with the tangential projection? | Patella |
| Which structure of the knee is best demonstrated with the PA axial projection (the Holmblad method)? | Femoral intercondylar fossa |
| Which projection of the knee best demonstrates the proximal tibiofibular articulation without bony superimposition? | AP oblique projection (medial rotation) |
| Which projection of the knee best demonstrates the femoropatellar space open? | Lateral projection |
| Which of the following evaluation criteria indicates that the knee is properly positioned for a lateral projection? | The femoral condyles are superimposed |
| What should be done to prevent the knee joint space from being obscured by the magnified shadow of the medial femoral condyle when the lateral projection of the knee is performed? | Direct the central ray 5 to 7 degrees cephalad. |
| Which of the following evaluation criteria indi-cates that the knee is properly positioned for the AP projection? | The femorotibial joint space is open. |
| Where should the patella be demonstrated on the im-age of the AP oblique projection of the knee with medial rotation? | Over the medial condyle of the femur |
| Where should the patella be demonstrated on the im-age of the AP oblique projection of the knee with lateral rotation? | Over the lateral femoral condyle |
| For the lateral projection of the patella, which po-sitioning maneuver reduces the femoropatellar joint space? | Flexing the knee more than 10 degrees |
| Which area of the knee should the central ray enter for the PA axial projection (Holmblad method)? | Posterior |
| Which of the following projections of the knee best demonstrates the femoral intercondylar fossa? | PA axial projection (Camp-Coventry method) |
| Which projection of the knee should be used to demonstrate the patella completely superimposed on the femur? | AP projection |
| Which projection of the knee should be used to demonstrate the patella in profile? | Lateral projection |
| For a patient prone on the radiographic table with the knee centered to the midline and the knee flexed until the lower leg forms a 40-degree angle with the table, how should the central ray be directed to demonstrate the femoral intercondylar fossa? | Caudally 40 degrees |
| For which projection of the knee should the patient be prone on the table, with the knee flexed until the leg forms an angle of 40 degrees with the table, and the central ray directed perpendicular to the long axis of the leg, entering the back side of th | PA axial projection (Camp-Coventry method) |
| How should the central ray be directed for the bilat-eral weight-bearing AP projection of the knees? | Perpendicularly |
| Which projection best demonstrates early arthritic changes in the knee, as well as varus and valgus deformities? | AP, weight-bearing method |
| Which projection of the knee can be accomplished with the patient upright, the affected knee flexed and its anterior surface in contact with a vertically placed IR, and the horizontally directed central ray entering the posterior aspect of the knee? | PA axial projection (Holmblad method) |
| Which positioning factor determines the number of degrees the central ray should be angled for the tan-gential projection (Settegast method) to demonstrate the patella? | Degree of knee flexion |
| How should the central ray be directed for the AP projection of the femur? | Perpendicularly |
| Which positioning maneuver should be performed to place the femoral neck in profile for the AP projec-tion of the proximal femur? | Rotate the lower extremity medially 10 to 15 degrees |
| Which positioning maneuver should be performed to prevent the femoral neck from appearing foreshort-ened in the AP projection of the proximal femur? | Rotate the lower extremity medially 10 to 15 degrees. |
| Which positioning maneuver will ensure proper demonstration of the distal femur on the AP projection? | Align the femoral epicondyles parallel with the IR |
| For the AP projection of the femur on typical adults, what should be done to ensure that both joints of the femur are demonstrated? | Perform a second exposure with another IR. |
| For which lower extremity projection should the lower extremity be rotated medially 10 to 15 degrees? | AP projection of the proximal femu |
| For which lower extremity projection should the pelvis be rotated 10 to 15 degrees from true lateral? | Lateral projection of the proximal femur |
| For the lateral projection of the femur, how should the pelvis be positioned to demonstrate only the knee joint with the distal femoral shaft? | True lateral |
| What is the purpose of orthoroentgenography? | To measure the length of long bones |
| Which parameters should be moved when expo-sures for long bone measurement are made? | X-ray tube and IR |
| Which special device must be used for long bone measurement examinations? | Metal ruler |
| For exposures made at the knee joint, the central ray should be directed to which of the following levels? | Depression between the femoral and tibial condyles |
| For orthoroentgenography, how many exposures should be made of each extremity? | Three |
| For simultaneous bilateral projections of the lower extremities for long bone measurement, how many exposures should be made? | Three |
| Which procedure must be performed to ensure ac-curacy in long bone measurement examinations? | Do not move the extremities between exposures |
Created by:
DeAndreMitchell
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