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Unit 3 Neuroscience
Terms for the outer and inner parts of the brain; Terms for parts of the neuron
| Term or Question | Definition or Answer |
|---|---|
| Brainstem | The oldest and innermost region of the brain that is responsible for automatic survival functions. it begins where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. |
| Thalamus | The Brain's sensory switchboard located on the top of the brainstem. It directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex. It also transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla. The sense of smell (olfaction) does NOT go through the thalamus |
| Medulla | Part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing |
| Reticular Formation | A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal |
| Cerebellum | the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem that assists in balance and voluntary movements |
| Limbic system | Doughnut shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres that is associated with emotions (fear, aggression), and drives (food, sex) |
| What 4 components make up the limbic system? | Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Thalamus |
| Amygdala | Part of the limbic system; two almost shaped neural clusters in the limbic system that are linked to emotion (fear, rage, and aggression) |
| Hypothalamus | Located in the limbic system; lies below the thalamus. It is responsible for regulation of body maintenance such as eating, drinking, and body temperature |
| Hippocampus | Part of the limbic system; Responsible for memory and learning |
| Spinal Cord | Connects the brain with the nerves in most parts of the body; Is a messaging network that sends messages back and forth to the brain and the rest of the body |
| Cerebral Cortex/Cerebum | Thin layer of interconnected neural cells that forms a surface layer on the cerebral hemisphere. It is the upper-body's ultimate control and information processing center. It is what makes humans upper-level thinking beings as opposed to animals |
| Glial Cells | "glue cells" in the cortex that guide neural connections, provide nutrients and insulating myelin, and mop up ions and neurotransmitters |
| Frontal Lobes | Portion of the cerebral cortex that lies just behind the forehead; involved with speaking, muscle movements, and in making plans and judgements. it includes the motor cortex |
| Sensory Cortex | Area at the front of the parietal lobe that registers and processes body sensations |
| Parietal Lobes | Portion of the cerebral cortex between the frontal and occipital lobes that deals with body sensations; Includes the sensory cortex |
| Motor Cortex | Area at the back of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements |
| Broca's Association Area | An area of the left frontal lobe that controls muscle movements involved in speech. Damage to this impairs speaking ability |
| Wernicke's Association Area | An area of the left temporal lobe that is involved in language comprehension. Damage to this areas impairs understanding |
| Medulla Oblongata | A key conduit for nerve signals to and from your body |
| Hindbrain | Controls the body's vital functions such as respiration and heart rate |
| Dendrites | The bushy, branching extension of a neuron that receives messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body |
| Soma/Cell Body | The neuron's life support center that also produces neurotransmitters |
| Terminal Buttons | Responsible for sending signals to other neurons |
| Synapse/Synaptic gap/Synaptic cleft | The tiny gap at the synapse in which neurotransmitters cross |
| Axon | Extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons, muscles, or glands. |
| Myelin | A layer of fatty tissue that covers the axon which aides the speed of neural impulses; thicker the sheath, the faster the impulse |
| What happens if the myelin sheath degenerates? | Could lead to multiple sclerosis, communication to muscles slows with eventual loss of muscle control |
| Synaptic Vesicles | Responsible for the uptake, storage, and stimulus-dependent release of a neurotransmitter; Connects terminal buttons to neurons |
| Basal Ganglia | a group of subcortical nuclei responsible primarily for motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions. Controls voluntary movements. |
| Temporal Lobe | It interprets sound from the ears and plays a significant role in recognizing and using language |
| Occipital lobe | It is the visual processing area of the brain; It is associated with visuospatial processing, distance and depth perception, color determination, object and face recognition, and memory formation. |
Created by:
Lillie Alexander
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