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PSYC Chapter Six

MTA PSYC 1001 Chapter Six: Learning

TermDefinition
Learning Is the change in an organism's actions, thoughts, or emotions as a result of experience.
Habituation Is the process by which we respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuli.
Sensitization Is the process by which we respond more strongly over time to repeated stimuli.
British Associationists A school of thinkers that believed humans acquire all their knowledge by conditioning, by forming associations among stimuli.
Classical Conditioning A Pavlovian form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response.
Unconditioned Stimulus A stimulus that elicits an automatic response without prior conditioning.
Unconditioned Response Is the automatic response to a nonneutral stimulus that does not need to be learned.
Conditioned Response Is a response previously associated with a nonneutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning.
Conditioned Stimulus A initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus.
Acquisition The first phase of classical conditioning, which is named the "learning phase", during which a conditioned response is established.
Extinction The second phase of classical conditioning, where the gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus.
Spontaneous Recovery The third and final phase of classical conditioning, where there is a sudden re-emergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay following an extinction procedure.
Renewal Effect Is the sudden re-emergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was acquired.
Phobia Intense, irrational fears.
Stimulus Generalization Is the process by which conditioned stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response.
Generalization Gradient The more similar to the original Conditioned Stimulus the new Conditioned Stimulus is, the stronger the Conditioned Response will be.
Stimulus Discrimination The process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus.
Higher-Order Conditioning Developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus because of its association with another conditioned stimulus.
Latent Inhibition Is the difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a conditioned stimulus we've repeatedly experienced alone, without the unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Compensatory Response A conditioned response that is the opposite of the unconditioned response and serves to compensate for the unconditioned response.
Fetishism Is the sexual attraction to nonliving things.
Pseudoconditioning Occurs when the conditioned stimulus triggers the unconditioned response by itself.
Operant Conditioning Is learning controlled by the consequences of the organism's behavior, also referred to as instrumental conditioning.
Target behavior in classical conditioning is... Elicited automatically.
Target behavior in operant conditioning is... Emitted voluntarily.
Behavior of classical conditioning is a function of... Stimuli that precede the behavior.
Behavior of operant conditioning is a function of... Consequences that follow the behavior.
Classical conditioning behavior primarily depends on... The autonomic nervous system.
Operant conditioning behavior primarily depends on... The skeletal muscles.
Law of Effect Is the principle that states if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to create the behavior in the future.
S-R Psychology Is an early form of behaviorism, that believes most of our complex behaviors reflect the accumulation of associations between stimuli and responses.
Insight Grasping the underlying nature of a problem.
Aha! Reaction Is the moment where an animal solves a problem and gets the same problem correct just about every time after.
Skinner Box Also known as an operant chamber, it is a small animal chamber that allows for sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and for behaviors to be recorded unsupervised.
Cumulative Record A graph of an animal's responses by using electrical methods.
What are the three key concepts in Skinnerian Psychology? Reinforcement, punishment, and discriminative stimulus.
Reinforcement Is the outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior.
Positive Reinforcement The presentation of a pleasant stimulus following a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior.
Negative Reinforcement The removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior.
Punishment Is the outcome or consequence of a behavior that weakens the probability of the behavior.
Positive Punishment The addition of a stimulus that someone wants to avoid.
Negative Punishment The removal of a stimulus that someone wants.
Discriminative Stimulus The stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement.
Operant Extinction Occurs when the reinforcement stops being delivered to a reinforced behavior.
Operant Extinction Burst Shortly after removing reinforcement, the undesired behavior initially increases in intensity.
Operant Stimulus Discrimination Displaying a less pronounced response to stimuli that differ from the original discriminative stimulus.
Operant Stimulus Generalization The increased chance of responding in the presence of stimuli similar to the original discriminative stimulus.
Schedule of Reinforcement The pattern of reinforcing a behavior.
Continuous Reinforcement The pattern of reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs, resulting in faster learning but faster extinction.
Partial Reinforcement The pattern of only occasionally reinforcing behavior, which results in slower extinction.
What are the two dimensions of reinforcement schedules? The consistency, either fixed or variable, and the basis, either ratio or interval.
Fixed Ratio Schedule The pattern in which reinforcement is provided following a regular (fixed) number of responses.
Variable Ratio Schedule The pattern in which reinforcement is provided after a specific number of responses on average, with the individual numbers varying randomly. This schedule yields the highest rates of responding.
Fixed Interval Schedule The pattern in which reinforcement is provided for a response at least once following a specified time interval.
Variable Interval Schedule The pattern in which reinforcement is provided for a response at least once during an average time interval, with the interval itself varying randomly.
Superstitious Behavior Actions linked to reinforcement by sheer coincidence.
Shaping by Successive Approximations (shaping) Is conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target.
Chaining Is linking several interrelated behaviors to form a longer series, where each behavior in the chain becomes a cue for the next behavior.
Token Economy Are systems that help reinforce appropriate behaviors and extinguishing inappropriate ones. by using tokens, points, and other secondary reinforcers.
Secondary Reinforcers Are neutral objects that become associated with primary reinforcers.
Primary Reinforcers Are things like food and drinks.
Two-Process Theory This theory states that we need both classical and operant conditioning to explain the persistence of anxiety disorders.
Radical Behaviorism States that observable behavior, thinking, and emotion are all governed by the same laws of learning, namely, classical and operant conditioning.
S-O-R Psychology Stimulus - Organism - Response Psychology, a less radical approach to Stimulus-Response Psychology, where the organism's response to a stimulus depends on what the stimulus means to it.
Cognitive Conditioning Our interpretation of a situation affects conditioning.
Latent Learning Learning that is not directly observable.
Edward Chace Tolman Was on of the first psychologists to challenge the radical behaviorist account of learning.
Competence Is what we know.
Performance Is showing what we know.
Cognitive Map A mental representation of how a physical space is organized.
Observational Learning Learning by watching others.
Mirror Neurons Are cells in the prefrontal cortex that become activated by specific motions when an animal both performs and observes an action.
Conditioned Taste Aversions Also known as the sauce bearnaise syndrome, refers to the fact that classical conditioning can lead us to develop avoidance reactions to the taste of food.
Equipotentiality The claim that we can classically condition all conditioned stimuli equally well to all unconditioned stimuli.
Preparedness The evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others, owing to their survival value.
Instinctive Drift The tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement.
Sleep-Assisted Learning A learning technique where you learn new material while sleeping.
Accelerated Learning Also known as Superlearning or Suggestive Accelerative Learning and Teaching Techniques (SALTT), use methods such as generating expectations, visualizing information, playing classical music, and regular rhythm breathing while learning.
Discovery Learning Giving students the materials needed to learn something and having them figure it out on their own.
Direct Instruction Where you tell students how to solve a problem.
Learning Styles An individual's preferred or optimal method of acquiring new information.
Created by: calhouncouch
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