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Psychology
Chapter 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1.classical conditioning | a learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus |
| 2.neutral stimulus | a stimulus that does not initially elicit any part of an unconditioned response |
| 3.unconditioned stimulus | an event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training |
| 4.unconditioned response | an organism’s automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus |
| 5.conditioned stimulus | a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
| 6.conditioned response | the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus |
| 7.generalization | responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli |
| 8.discrimination | the ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli |
| 9.extinction | the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus |
| 10.operant conditioning | learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence |
| 11.reinforcement | stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated |
| 12.secondary reinforcer | stimulus such as money that becomes rewarding through its link with a primary reinforcer |
| 13.primary reinforcer | stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water |
| 14.shaping | technique in which the desired behavior is “molded” by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward |
| 15.response chain | learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next |
| 16.aversive control | process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli |
| 17.negative reinforcement | increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs |
| 18.escape conditioning | training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus |
| 19.avoidance conditioning | training of an organism to respond so as to prevent the occurrence of an unpleasant stimulus |
| 20.social learning | process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others |
| 21.cognitive learning | form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation |
| 22.cognitive map | a mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events |
| 23.latent learning | alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior |
| 24.learned helplessness | condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable |
| 25.modeling | learning by imitating others; copying behavior |
| 26.token economy | conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards |
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maddielansford
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