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DT261-Concepts

Pharmacology Concepts

TermDefinition
FDA Food and Drug Administration Part of the Department of Health and Human Services (Indian Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, NIH are also part of DHHS). • Physical and Chemical Standards for Drugs (Quality Control) • Safety and Efficacy
FTC Federal Trade Commission • Regulates trade practices of drug companies • Prohibits false advertising • Foods • Nonprescription drugs • Cosmetics
Harrison Narcotic Act Governs use of • opium • opiates (i.e., Heroin) • cocaine • marijuana
DEA Drug Enforcement Administration Department of Justice •Controlled Substance Act of 1970 •Regulates the manufacture and distributions of drugs with potential for abuse: •Opioids •Narcotics (Note the legal definition of narcotic is different
Federal Categories of Regulated Drugs • Controlled Substances are prescription drugs with the potential for abuse. • These are categorized into five groups, based on the potential for abuse. • Schedules I through V • • Not all abusable materials are categorized, for example - paint
Schedule I Drugs • Highest Potential for Abuse • No Accepted Medical Use • Experimental use only • Can be used in research
Schedule II Drugs • High Potential for Abuse • Hand written prescription with provider's signature only • No refills
Schedule III Drugs • Moderate Potential for Abuse • Prescriptions may be telephoned in. • Limitation on number and frequency of Prescriptions
Schedule IV Drugs • Less Potential for Abuse • Prescriptions may be telephoned in. • Limitation on number and frequency of prescriptions
Schedule V Drugs • Least Potential for Abuse • Can be purchased over the counter in some states
bid twice a day
tid three times a day
prn as needed
qid 4 times a day
mL milliliter
mg milligram
stat right now
Sig Label portion of the prescription that is written in plain language
What type of drug name usually begins with a lowercase letter? generic name
Federal agency that determines whether a drug is considered a controlled substance. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
Which federal regulatory agency decides which drugs require a prescription and which drugs may be sold over-the-counter (OTC)? FDA
Classification of Analgesic Agents Nonopioids or nonnarcotics •Salicylates (aspirin and nonaspiring saliylates) •Acetaminophen Nonsteroidal antinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Classification of Analgesic Agents Opioids Narcotics
NSAID: Central Nervous System (CNS) Effects • Sedation • Dizziness • Confusion • Mental depression • Headache • Vertigo • Convulsions
NSAID Adverse Reactions • Blood clotting: Reversibly inhibit platelet aggregation • Cardiovascular: Myocardial infarction or stroke
NSAID: Renal Effects • Hypertension • Renal failure, especially in elderly • Cystitis • Increased incidence of urinary tract infections • Decrease in renal blood flow • Decrease in glomerular filtration rate
NSAID Oral Effects • Oral effects • Ulcerative stomatitis • Gingival ulcerations • Dry mouth
NSAID Hypersensitivity Reactions • Hives or itching • Angioneurotic edema • Chills and fever • Stevens-Johnson syndrome • Exfoliative dermatitis • Epidermal necrolysis
NSAID Contraindications and Cautions • Asthma • Cardiovascular disease • Renal disease • Coagulopathies • Peptic ulcer • Ulcerative colitis • Hypovolemic
NSAID Therapeutic Uses: Medical • Osteoarthritis • Rheumatoid arthritis • Gouty arthritis • Fever • Dysmenorrhea • Pain • Bursitis and tendonitis
NSAID Therapeutic Uses: Dental • Pain • Equivalent in analgesic efficacy to opioid analgesics in many clinical situations
Examples of NSAIDs • Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) • Naproxen (Naprosyn) • Naproxen sodium (Anaprox) • Naproxen sodium OTC (Alleve) • Fenoprofen • Ketorolac (Toradol) • Difunisal
Acetaminophen Tylenol
Tylenol: Adverse Reactions • Hepatic necrosis • N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine • Toxic dose: 12 g or more • Patients with hepatic disease should avoid acetaminophen •  Nephrotoxicity •  Alcoholics or patients who ingest three or more alcoholic beverages a day should
What do aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and codeine have in common? All are analgesics.
Created by: mbk2023
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