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PSYC Chapter Seven

MTA PSYC 1001 Chapter Seven: Memory

TermDefinition
Memory Illusion A false but subjectively compelling memory.
Memory Is the retention of information over time.
Paradox of Memory Is the contradiction of our memories being very good in some situations, while being very poor in other situations.
Hyperthymestic Syndrome A memory of life events that is greatly superior to a normal person.
Sensory Memory First major type of memory, which is tied closely to the raw materials of our experiences and perceptions of the world and briefly holds perceptual information.
Short Term Memory Second major type of memory, which uses what is passed from sensory memory and turns it into more meaningful material.
Long Term Memory The third and final type of memory, which retains important information passed from short term memory.
Iconic Memory Visual sensory memory.
Eidetic Imagery Otherwise called photographic memory, is when one can hold a visual image in their mind with extreme clarity.
Echoic Memory Auditory sensory memory.
Working Memory Is our ability to hold on to information we're currently thinking about, attending to, or processing actively.
Decay The fading of information from our memory over time.
Interference The loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information.
Retroactive Interference Is when learning something new hampers with what one has learned before.
Proactive Interference Is when learning something new is more difficult because of what one has learned before.
Magic Number Is the span of short term memory, according to George Miller, which is seven plus or minus two pieces of information.
Chunking Organizing material into meaningful groupings.
Rehearsal Repeating information mentally or vocally to extend the duration of information in the short term memory.
Maintenance Rehearsal Repeating stimuli in its original form.
Elaborative Rehearsal Linking stimuli to other things to remember them better.
Levels of Processing The depth of transforming information influences how easily we remember it.
Permastore The type of long term memory that appears to be permanent.
Primacy Effect The tendency to remember stimuli, like words, early in a list.
Recency Effect The tendency to remember stimuli later in a list.
Serial Position Curve Is a graph that depicts primacy and recency effects on people's ability to recall items on a list.
Semantic Memory Our knowledge of facts about the world. (explicit memory)
Episodic Memory Our recollection of events in our lives. (explicit memory)
Explicit Memory Are the memories that one recalls intentionally and of which they have conscious awareness.
Implicit Memory Are the memories one doesn't deliberately remember or reflect on.
Procedural Memory Is the memory for how to do things, which include motor skills and habits. (implicit memory)
Priming Is our ability to identify a stimulus more easily after we've encountered similar stimuli.
Encoding Is the first process of memory, which involves getting information into our memory banks.
Mnemonic Are learning aids, strategies, and devices that enhance recall.
Storage Is the second process of memory, which is about keeping information in memory.
Retrieval Is the third and final process of memory, which is reconstructing memories from our memory banks.
Retrieval Cues Hints that make it easier for one to recall information.
Recall One of the ways to assess memory, which is generating previously remembered information.
Recognition One of the ways to assess memory, which is selecting previously remembered information from an array of options.
Relearning One of the ways to assess memory, which is reacquiring knowledge that one has previously learned but was largely forgotten.
Distributed vs Massed Practice States that studying information in small increments over time is better than studying large increments over a brief amount of time.
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon Is the experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it.
Encoding Specificity Remembering something better when the conditions of when we retrieve the information are similar to when we encoded it.
Context-Dependent Learning Is when retrieval of information is better when the external context of the information matches the retrieval context.
State-Dependent Learning Is when retrieval of information is better when one is in the same physiological or psychological state as when they encoded it.
Retrospective Bias Is when one's psychological state distorts their memories of their past.
Engram Was the "physical trace of each memory in the brain", sought after by Karl Lashley.
Long Term Potentiation Is the gradual strengthening of the connections of neurons from repeated stimuli.
Retrograde Amnesia The loss of past memories.
Anterograde Amnesia The inability to encode new memories.
Habituation A decrease in attention to familiar stimuli.
Meta-Memory Is the knowledge of our own memory abilities and limitations.
Infantile Amnesia Is the inability to remember personal experiences that took place before an early age.
Guided Imagery When therapists ask clients to imagine past events.
Hypnotic Age Regression Is when therapists use hypnosis to "return" clients to the psychological state of childhood.
Flashbulb Memories Are emotional memories that are extraordinarily vivid and detailed.
Source Monitoring Confusion The lack of clarity about where a memory came from.
Imagination Inflation Is imagining an event increases the confidence in the likelihood that it occurred.
Cryptomnesia The failure to recognize that our ideas originated with someone else.
Suggestive Memory Techniques A procedure that encourages patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place.
Misinformation Effect Providing people with misleading information after an event can lead to fictional memories.
Weapon Focus The tendency to focus on the weapon of an assailant when being threatened, rather than their appearance.
Created by: calhouncouch
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