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PSY-101 CH. 7, 8, 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sensation | occurs when information interacts with our sensory receptors such as eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and skin |
| perception | the interpretation of what is sensed |
| true/false: sensation always occurs before perception | true |
| vision | king of all senses; 80% of information going on in our world, we take in through our eyes |
| visible parts of the eye | sclera, pupil, iris |
| sclera | white part of the eye |
| what does the sclera do? | helps maintain eye shape and protect eye from injuries |
| pupil | round dark opening of the eye; located in center of iris |
| what does the pupil do? | allows light to get in and reach the back of the eye |
| iris | colored part of the eye; made up of a string of muscles; associated with heterochromia |
| heterochromia | two different colored eyes; one iris has more/less pigment than the other; not indicative of sight |
| normal vision | the lens of the eye focuses the image on whatever is being looked at directly on your retina; if something is wrong with your eye, it is misshaped |
| myopia | nearsightedness; eyeball is longer than normal |
| nearsightedness | see close objects but have trouble seeing far objects |
| what happens during myopia? | when looking at a distant object, the image of the distant object focuses in front of the retina instead of on it |
| what is recommended for people with myopia? | glasses |
| hyperopia/hypermetropia | farsightedness; images of close objects focus behind the retina |
| what is a common symptom of of eyesight problems in children? | headaches |
| amblyopia | lazy eye |
| what is the first form of treatment for amblyopia? | eyepatch; |
| what does the eyepatch do? | eyepatch is put over the dominant eye to strengthen weaker eye |
| yes/no: is the eyepatch typically an effective treatment? | yes |
| is the eyepatch treatment done more in children or adults? | children; after age 12, the visual cortex has completely grown |
| cornea | clear, round, front part of eye |
| astigmatism | cornea is oval shaped instead of round |
| what can astigmatism lead to? | headaches and sensitivity to bright lights; requires different prescriptions depending on type of astigmatism |
| how is astigmatism corrected? | corrected through glasses |
| nystgamus | rapid, abnormal eye movement; vertigo is common |
| how is nystagmus formed? | people can be born with it or develop it through pre-existing health conditions |
| vertigo | sensation of movement; dizziness; objects look like they're moving when they're not |
| computer vision syndrome | decrease of blinking; when on devices, our blink rate decreases by 50% |
| what happens when we blink less? | our eyes get dry and fatigued. |
| how can you save your vision? | 20/20/20 rule |
| 20/20/20 rule | for every 20 mins. you're on your device, look away for at least 20 secs. at an object that's 20 ft. away; give your eyes a break. "do what you can while you can." |
| presbyopia | old eyes. loss/decline in close range focus ability |
| what is a sign someone has presbyopia? | pulling a paper close up then far away or vice versa |
| what is the average age someone starts developing presbyopia? | 42 |
| yes/no: can anything be done about presbyopia? | no |
| how can someone keep their eyes healthy? | not smoking, eat a healthy diet, and wearing sunglasses |
| what does smoking do to your eyes? | smoking strips blood vessels |
| what is a healthy diet? | lots of fruits and vegetables; |
| what should you do if you don't eat a healthy diet? | take multivitamins |
| how often should you wear sunglasses to keep your eyes healthy | preferably all the time, especially when driving on sunny and even cloudy days |
| true/false: UV is higher on cloudy days than sunny days | true |
| cataracts | forms cloudy patches in eye lens that can affect sight/vision |
| what age is cataract surgery common in? | 65 and older |
| what group of people have cataracts? | diabetics and people with skin cancer (sun exposure) |
| when do cataracts develop? | cataracts develop when we're born; damage builds up overtime |
| true/false: our eyes have to adapt to dark and light | true |
| cones | photoreceptor cells that allow us to see color |
| what situations are cones used in? | used during daytime and well-lit areas |
| rods | photoreceptor cells that allow us to have night vision (see black and white) |
| what situations are roads used in? | dark conditions/places and nighttime |
| dark to light adaptation... | happens immediately |
| light to dark adaptation... | adapts after a few seconds; takes longer |
| how long does it take to completely adapt from light to dark? | at least 20 mins.; the older you are, the longer it takes |
| blind spot (eyes) | towards back of the eye; no rods or cones; what one eye misses the other picks up |
| color vision deficiencies | trichromatic vision, dichromatic vision, protanopia, tritanopia, monochromatic color vision |
| trichromatic vision | normal color vision; the theory that if you can see 3 primary colors, you can see all colors |
| primary colors | red, green, blue |
| are color vision deficiencies more common in males or females? | males because it is a sex-linked trait |
| dichromatic vision | can see 2 primary colors, not 3 |
| what color deficiencies are red/green color blindness? | protanopia and deuteranopia |
| protanopia | difficulty with red shades; can see dark or green shades |
| deuteranopia | absence of green cones in retina, making green shades look red |
| tritanopia | trouble with blue shades |
| what is the rarest form of colorblindness? | achromatopsia; more common in males than females |
| achromatopsia | black and white/monochromatic vision; true color blindness |
| what can people with achromatopsia to do help vision? | wear color-blind sunglasses |
| hearing | most easily damaged sense |
| conduction hearing impairment (hearing loss) | caused by damaged eardrum or damaged bones in middle ear |
| what is the purpose of tubes in ears? | drain the ears and help ear infections |
| nerve hearing impairment | caused when nerve tissue in inner ear is destroyed |
| can hearing aids help nerve hearing impairment? | no |
| tinnitus | high pitched ringing in ears |
| do people with tinnitus have ringing in their ears everyday? | yes |
| can OTC meds help tinnitus? | no |
| is there a cure for tinnitus? | no |
| what kind of people have tinnitus? | people who work in loud environments or are born with it |
| what else can also cause tinnitus | high blood pressure |
| presbycusis | old ears/hearing; progressive loss in hearing in both ears for high pitched sounds |
| what is presbycusis caused by? | environmental noise; accumulative |
| how many decibels does it take to risk hearing loss? | 85 decibels or higher |
| how many decibels are concerts? | 140 decibels |
| how many children have hearing loss? | more than 5 million |
| true/false: higher rates of anxiety disorders are from those who live in loud places | true |
| which gender is more negatively impacted by noise at home? | females |
| which gender more negatively impacted by noise at work? | males |
| which gender can tune out noise better? | males |
| what sound affects both men and women equally and physiologically? | screaming babies |
| what are the two chemical senses? | taste and smell |
| taste | one of the chemical senses that help process chemicals in the air/environment |
| what are the four basic taste sensations? | sweet, sour, salty, bitter |
| who founded the four basic taste sensations? | Hans Hemming in 1916 |
| what is the fifth sense? | umani |
| who founded the fifth sense? | B. Lindemann in 1996 |
| what is umani an asian term for? | brothy |
| what foods taste umani? | soy sauce, broth, tuna, parmesan cheese, tomatoes, mushrooms |
| what is umani most associated with? | savory |
| how many tastebuds do humans have? | 300 to 10,000 |
| true/false: as we get older, taste sensitivity declines | true |
| how many tastebuds do supertasters have? | 10,000; not common |
| what nerve sits at the back of the throat? | trigeminal nerve |
| what endings make up trigeminal nerves? | free endings |
| when are nerve endings exposed? | exposed when eating spicy foods |
| how does body react when eating spicy food? | the body releases endorphins (natural morphine) to enhance pleasure and stop pain |
| how to cool down while eating | coat taste buds with fat. eat cool whip, green grapes, full fat cheese, whole fat milk, real butter. drink eggnog |
| what should you NOT drink when eating spicy food? | carbonated drinks (cola/soda) |
| conditioned taste aversion | learned to associate getting sick with whatever you ate prior to getting sick |
| when is conditioned taste aversion usually formed? | during childhood; can happen during adulthood but not as bad |
| true/false: it's the virus you catch that makes you sick before eating the food | true |
| antabuse | used to treat alcoholics by making them throw up |
| does taste sensitivity decline as we get older? | yes |
| what taste do babies prefer the most? | sweet because of breast milk |
| what age do salty taste preferences come around? | 4 months because of exposure to new foods |
| what factors affect taste? | lifestyle, alcohol, and smoking |
| do smokers or alcoholics identify tastes much slower? | smokers |
| smell | one of the chemical senses; works with taste to register chemicals in the air/environment |
| sensory interaction | when smell and taste work together |
| can you taste without sense of smell? | no; everything you smell you also taste and vice versa; |
| true/false: smell drops in your lower throat | true |
| anosmia | complete loss of smell |
| hyposmia | partial loss of smell |
| what is loss of smell caused by? | tumors or concussions |
| can you survive without sense of smell? | yes |
| what drugs affect smell? | alcohol and smoking |
| what age does smell peak? | age 20 then decreases overtime |
| which gender experiencs decline in smell faster? | men |
| do citrus scents give off more or less energy? | more energy |
| are lavender scents calming/relaxing? | yes |
| what are considered "men scents?" | cut grass, leather, sandalwood, and cigar smoke |
| touch | somesthetic sense |
| what does "some-" mean? | skin |
| when are kinesthetic senses used? | used when body moves (movement and positioning) |
| what is an example of using a kinesthetic sense? | opening car door right next to another car |
| vestibular senses | helps with balance; plays role in motion sickness and vertigo |
| what does the body do for vestibular senses? | the vestibular nerve in the ear sends a message to the brain that something else is happening |
| what does a protein-rich meal do? | helps with nausea during motion sickness |
| skin senses | touch, pressure, temperature, pain |
| what does pain signal? | stop what you're doing so it doesn't get worse |
| pain perception disorder | you know pain is there but you can't feel it |
| true/false: different tattoos in different parts of body have different pain levels (pain tolerance/threshold) | true |
| psychodynamic approaches | all about the unconsciousness |
| psychoanalytic theory (Freudian theory) | the unconscious is the hidden part of the mind. if you can unlock this, you can learn everything about someone |
| Sigmund Freud | believed ideas revolve around sex and that our mind is divided into three parts |
| what three parts are our mind divided into? | preconscious, conscious, unconscious |
| preconscious | long-term memory; not what you're currently thinking about but is there |
| conscious | short-term memory; what you're currently thinking rapidly changes (30 secs) |
| unconscious mind | hidden; don't know what's happening |
| what part of the mind shows during dreams? | unconscious |
| who was the first to interpret dreams? | Sigmund Freud believed that dreams have different meanings |
| what did water sybolize in a dream? | your mom because of fluid in the womb) |
| Freudian slips | accidental/supposed slips of the tongue; not aware of saying what you're saying |
| progress notes | every word said in therapy session |
| process notes | a summary of important info. in therapy session |
| what three parts are your personality made up of according to Freud? | id, ego, superego |
| id | instinctive urges (ex. hunger, thirst, sex, aggression) |
| what does id operate on? | pleasure |
| what is the goal of id? | instant gratification |
| ego | develops as we grow and mature overtime |
| what does ego operate on? | reality |
| what does ego use to help make a decision? | logic and reasoning |
| what is ego also known as in personality? | the executive branch |
| superego | the conscience |
| what does superego operate on? | morals |
| what does superego make you feel? | guilt |
| what kind of people have no conscious? | serial killers |
| true/false: all personalities work together when making decisions | true |
| what are the psychosexual stages (in order)? | oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage |
| when does oral stage occur? | first 18 months of life |
| what happens during oral stage? | pleasure focuses on sucking, biting, and chewing |
| when does anal stage occur? | 18 months to 3 years old |
| what happens during anal stage? | you start to gain control of bladder and bowel muscles |
| what does pleasure focus on during anal stage? | retention and elimination of waste |
| when does phallic stage occur? | 3 years to 6 years |
| what happens during phallic stage? | kids start to develop sexual feelings for parent of opposite gender; sane parent competes for same pleasure/affection |
| what gender has oedipus complex (castration envy)? | boys |
| what gender has electra complex (penis envy)? | girls |
| where do the names oedipus and electra come from | greek mythology |
| when do memories first occur? | 3 to 4 years old |
| what fear do boys develop? | being castrated by father |
| what fear/worry do girls develop? | punishment because they think their feelings are unacceptable with penis envy |
| when does latency stage occur? | 6 years to puberty (8-13) |
| what happens during latency stage? | all sexual feelings are pushed away; play with kids of same gender |
| what is the focus during latency stage? | reading, writing, arithmetic, etc. |
| when does genital stage occur? | begins at puberty and continues throughout life |
| what happens during genital stage? | sexual feelings come back with desire for people outside of family |
| true/false: you can fixate into a stage at anytime | true |
| what are the two types of fixations according to Freud? | anal retentive and anal expulsive |
| anal retentive | uptight, rigid, hostile; things must be done a certain way; neat and orderly |
| anal expulsive | uptight but dirty and slobby |
| true/false: Freud believed the stages and fixations all go back to mother; theory based on relationship with mom (and Freud's cocaine use) | true |
| neo-Freudians | followers of Sigmund Freud that broke away from him and developed new theories |
| what were the neo-Freduian theories? | analytical psychology, sociocultural psychology, individual psychology |
| who created analytical psychology? | Carl Jung |
| what is analytical psychology? | belief that everyone had two opposite parts of themselves (ex. light and dark, good and evil) |
| who created sociocultural psychology? | Karen Horney; first clinician to speak against Freud's concept of penis envy; impactful because no one ever spoke out against him |
| when did sociocultural psychology occur? | 1920s |
| What did Karen Horney believe? | That women have the right to achieve and envy status and power; both genders envy what the other genders didn't have |
| What did men envy according to Horney? | Men have womb envy |
| womb envy | a desire for men to get pregnant and have kids |
| who created individual psychology? | Alfred Adler; first to look at birth order theory |
| birth order theory | oldest, middle, youngest (meant for three kids) |
| oldest kid | more achievement oriented, do better in school, perfectionists, don't want to disappoint parents |
| middle kid | turn to social aspects; feel left out nor can compete with oldest and youngest sibling |
| youngest kid | learn to get what they want by being cute and charming; tend to be spoiled/indulged |
| only child | spoiled; traits associated with oldest child |
| Barnum effect | individuals believe that personality traits apply specifically to them when in reality they are personalities that apply to everyone |
| examples of Barnum effect | horoscopes and birth order theory |
| true/false: birth order doesn't count gender or gaps between births | true |
| humanistic approach | positive approach developed in reaction to negativity of psychoanalytic approach; all about someone's self-concept (how you see yourself, do you like yourself?) |
| true/false: in humanistic approach, as long as you're pleased with yourself, you're pleased with life | true |
| what theory did Carl Rogers create? | client-centered theory |
| client-centered energy | everyone has the potential to achieve growth and fulfillment |
| what does one do in order to achieve growth and fulfillment? | gain and receive genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathy |
| what does it mean to be genuine? | present yourself as your true authentic self |
| unconditional positive regard | after being genuine, someone gives you acceptance of your true authentic self |
| empathy | the need to listen and see things from your perspective and understand where you're coming from |
| what did Abraham Maslow do? | created hiearchy of needs theory |
| hierarchy of needs in order | physiological need, safety need, love and belongingness need, esteem need, and self-actualization need |
| physiological need | the necessary and fundamental things needed to live (food and water) |
| safety need | a need for shelter/a safe place to live in |
| love and belongingness need | needing people who accept us (family and friends) |
| esteem need | needs met through careers and school; things that make you feel accomplished/successful |
| self-actulatization need | highest need; living up to full potential as a human being |
| what is the need not met by most people? | self-actualization need |
| why don't most people achieve self-actualization need? | people are worried about the lower needs (physiological, safety, love and belongingness) |
| trait theories | everyone is born with traits/personality characteristics that stay stable throughout life |
| how can we predict behavior or how someone will react in a given situation? | based on personality traits |
| five factor model | everyone is born with openness, consciousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, |
| openness | how willing you are to try new things (new foods, places, experiences, etc.) |
| consciousness | looks at how organized and motivated someone is |
| consciousness low | not careful |
| consciousness high | very careful |
| extraversion | someone who's comfortable in large crowds; very social (high) |
| who coined the terms "extrovert" and "introvert"? | Carl Jung |
| introvert | someone who is antisocial and hates crowds (low) |
| agreeableness | looks at emotional style |
| agreeableness high | easygoing and pleasant |
| agreeableness low | difficult to get along with and grumpy |
| neuroticism | looks at emotional stability |
| neuroticism high | people who have anxiety, worry a lot, moody; usually genetic |
| neuroticism low | more even-tempered and going with the flow |
| generalized anxiety disorder | worrying excessively about everyday things |
| behavioral approach | doesn't utilize introspection nor ask how you feel |
| what does behavioral psychology pay attention to? | pays attention to observable actions |
| who are behaviorists? | Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner |
| what was Pavlov's experiment? | training dogs to associate food with the sound of a bell |
| what was Watson's experiment? | Little Albert; conditioned a fear into an infant |
| what did Skinner do? | taught how to train service animals through operant training |
| who were social cognitive theorists? | Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel |
| what was Bandura's experiment? | Bobo doll experiment (observation and imitation) |
| Walter Mischel | world's foremost expert on delaying gratification |
| what was Mischel's study? | marshmallow study |
| marshmallow study | looked at delayed gratification in children |
| melatonin | a hormone |
| what proportion of our lives do we spend sleeping? | one third |
| circadian rhythm | a daily behavioral or physiological cycle |
| Nomar is just drifting off to sleep when she suddenly jerks awake. What did Nomar experience? | hypnic jerk |
| how many hours of sleep do people need? | between seven and nine hours |
| what would be a good strategy for preparing for a test | be certain to get the correct amount of sleep the night before a test because research finds poor sleep has a negative effect on memory |
| what does REM stand for? | rapid eye movement |
| insomnia | a sleeping disorder that involves the inability to sleep |
| which gender is more likely to have insomnia? | females |
| does medication impact sleep? | yes |
| sleep onset insomnia | difficulty falling asleep |
| sleep maintenance insomnia | can't stay asleep; constantly waking up and going back to sleep; described as a roller coaster |
| which insomnia is more common? | sleep maintenance insomnia |
| drawbacks of using sleep medication | most sleeping pills stop working after several weeks of nightly use and long-term use of sleeping pills interfere with good sleep |
| do all dreams take place during REM sleep? | no |
| what is sleepwalking also known as? | somnambulism |
| somniloquy | talking in your sleep |
| you awaken to find your roomate sleepwalking out the door. you think you should awaken her but remember what you learned about sleepwalkers. what do you do? | awaken her before she harms herself walking around in the dark |
| narcolepsy | a sleep disorder in which a person will suddenly fall into REM sleep even though they were just awake |
| sleep apnea | a sleep disorder in which individuals stop breathing because the windpipe fails to open or the brain processes involved in respiration fail to work properly |
| once called laudanum, this drug was used to control pain in adults and children | opium |
| what comes from the peyote cactus? | mescaline |
| true/false: there has been a case in which sleepwalking was a successful murder defense | true |
| psychoactive drugs | substances that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods |
| tolerance | the need to take increasing amounts of a drug to produce the same effect |
| physical dependence | a physical need for a drug, accompanied by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued |
| psychological dependence | the strong desire and craving to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons |
| REM behavior disorder most commonly occurs in... | men over sixty |
| what is NOT a stimulant? | caffeine |
| what is the most widely used drug in America? | marijuana |
| the "date rape" drug, Rohypnol, is what? | a minor tranquilizer because it is a benzodiazepine |
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rachelrobinson
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