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7: motor system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Smooth muscles | long, thin muscles fibers controlling digestive system and other organs |
| Cardiac muscles | control the beating of the heart |
| Skeletal muscles | voluntary movement |
| Fast twitch | fast contractions, easily fatigued (anaerobic- not requiring oxygen) |
| Slow twitch | slow contractions, resistant to fatigue (aerobic- requires oxygen) |
| Proprioceptors | cells detect position of body part in space |
| Muscle spindle | respond to a stretch of a muscle |
| Golgi tendon organ | respond to muscle tension |
| Reflexes | consistent automatic responses to stimuli |
| Ballistic movement | little to no feedback correction |
| Central pattern generators | when a movement is initiated, it becomes automatic |
| Motor programs | fixed sequences of movement |
| Primary motor cortex (M1) | alpha motor neurons send motor commands to neuromuscular junctions |
| Posterior parietal cortex (PPC) | visual system to come up with motor planning (intention) |
| Premotor cortex (PMC) | sends commands to primary motor cortex for movement output, motor planning |
| Mirror neurons | observational learning |
| Supplementary motor area (SMA) | involved in motor imagery and movement sequencing |
| Prefrontal cortex (PFC) | feeds info to premotor cortex, plans outcomes of movements |
| Cerebellum | structure involved in motor control and balance |
| Efferent copy | copy of motor plan being sent to the cerebellum |
| Basal ganglia | Rules and sequences about movement, starting and stopping movement |
| Caudate, putamen | integrates info of motor state from cortex |
| Globus pallidus | receives output from dorsal striatum |
| Hypokinetic | absence or paucity of movement |
| Parkinson’s disease | not enough dopamine because the substantia nigra is dying |
| Substantia nigra | does not produce enough dopamine |
| Levodopa | facilitates the synthesis of dopamine in the nervous system |
| Hyperkinetic | excessive movement |
| Huntington’s disease | result of neurodegeneration, too much movement |
| Mutated huntingtin gene | produces an abnormal protein that kills off cells in the basal ganglia |
| Essential tremor | controlled by disruption in the thalamus, tremor in hands/forearms |
| Thaladotomy | destruction of the thalamus |
Created by:
Rianagrani
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