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Philosophy Exam 2

TermDefinition
Animism the view that everything-perhaps even the universe as a whole-is alive
Animists philosophers and others who attribute some sort of lifelike activity to all things
Cosmology the study of such questions as how the universe came into being, the nature of space and time, and the dimensions of the universe
Dualist a philosopher who accepts the existence of two basic substances, typically mind and body
Idealism the metaphysical view that the mind and its ideas are the ultimate reality
Immaterialism the metaphysical view that accepts the existence of nonmaterial entities
Materialism the metaphysical view that only physical matter and its properties exist
Monist a philosopher who believes in only one kind of substance
Ontology the study of being: what is most real; what is it for a thing to exist
Pluralism the view in metaphysics that many distinct substances or ultimate principles exist
Reality everything that actually is, as opposed to what merely appears to be, might have been, or is not
Substance the essential reality of a thing or things that underlies the various properties and changes of properties
Teleology the belief that each phenomenon has a purpose, end, or goal
Behaviorism the philosophical thesis that there are no mental events or that they are of no scientific importance
Egocentric Predicament the problem that seems to follow from the view that we know only our own minds directly-that is, that we might never know anything or anyone else
Eliminative Materialism the view that at least some kinds of mental states do not exist, and that we should replace our everyday folk terms that refer to mental states with neurological terms that refer to the physical processes that are actually occurring
Essential Self the characteristics that make a person that particular person
Functionalism the theory that mental events are identical to certain processes in the brain but that similar processes in another medium like a computer would have similar mental manifestations
Identity Theory (of mind and body) the thesis that mental events are physical events, namely aspects of neurological processes in the brain
Mind-Body Problem the problem of how mental events are related to the body-in particular the brain
Self-Identity the way you characterize yourself as an individual
Solipsism the view that we can know only of the existence of our own minds
Bodily/Physical Continuity concept in personal identity theory that refers to the idea that a person's identity is constituted by some brute physical relation between different bodies or different life-sustaining systems at different times
Psychological/Mental Continuity concept in philosophy that deals with the persistence of personal identity over time, the idea that a person's identity is not determined by their physical body, but rather by their psychological states and characteristics
Absolute Freedom freedom from all constraints
Compatibilism the thesis that both determinism and free action can be true
Determinism the view that every event in the universe is dependent upon other events that are its causes
Free Will among philosophers, a somewhat antiquated expression meaning that a person is capable of making decisions that are not determined by antecedent conditions
Indeterminism the thesis that at least some events in the universe are not determined, not caused by antecedent conditions, and not predictable
Negative Freedom freedom from constraints
Positive Freedom freedom to realize one's potential
Capricious, Rational, Emotional, Social Notions of Freedom
Capricious Freedom acting on whim, not influenced by society, reason, or emotion. Just because!
Emotional Freedom the expression of emotion is freedom (significance of letting it out)
Rational Freedom acting according to reason
Social Freedom participating in social connections and relationships
Created by: MOWGaming04
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