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Psychology
Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pavlov | won noble piece prize, worked on gustatory system of dogs |
| What did Pavlov's work lead to discover | how experience with stimuli alter behavior |
| 4 Components of Classical Conditioning | Unconditioned Stimuli, Unconditioned Response, Conditioned Stimuli, Conditioned Response |
| Conditioning | to change through experience, learned |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | Stimulus that elicits a natural response |
| Unconditioned Response | unlearned response to US, behavior |
| Conditioned Stimuli | previously neutral stimulus that after being paired with the US, comes to elicit a response, Learned |
| Conditioned Response | the learned response to CS |
| Conditioned = | Learned |
| Unconditioned= | Naturally |
| The more intense the US | the quicker the CR is acquired |
| 4 types of CS-US pairing | Trace, Delay, Simultaneous, Backward |
| Trace | CS occurs long before the US |
| Delay | CS occurs immediately before/overlap with US |
| Simultaneous | occur at the same time |
| Backwards | CS occurs after US |
| Extinction | the CS occurs without the US, not the same as forgetting |
| Spontaneous Recovery | passage of time will cause return of conditioned response |
| Stimulus Generalization | responding in a similar way to a new stimulus that is slightly different |
| new classroom but still know you were gonna sit and learn | Stimulus Generation |
| Stimulus Discrimination | Learning to respond differently to different stimuli |
| 40 decibel is no food, 50=food, 40=no salivate | Stimulus Discrimination |
| Overshadowing | more learning will occur to more salient stimulus |
| Time, Bell, People Packing up | Overshadowing |
| What is the strongest salient for class being done | Time because its the most consistent |
| Blocking | previous learning of CS can prevent subsequent learning from occurring |
| Tolerance Effects | occur when drugs are US, things from environment begin to predict the drug, person has to take more to get effect |
| Stimulus has to be | Outside of the Body |
| Response has to be | Behavior or Body response |
| Empirical Law of Effect (Positive) | a behavior that is followed by a reinforcer will incease in probability |
| Empirical Law of Effect (Negative) | behavior followed by a punisher will decrease f |
| Positive Reinforcement | Behavior Increase and Something added to the Environment |
| Negative Reinforcement | Behavior Increase and Something from the environment is removed |
| Positive Punishment | Behavior decreases and something from the environment s added |
| Negative Punishment | Behavior decreases and something from the environment is removed |
| Primary Reinforcers | fulfill a biological need such as food |
| Secondary Reinforcers | things that because they have been paired with a primary reinforcer have become reinforcing such as money |
| David Premack | argued behaviors not things are reinforcing |
| Premack Principle | any high frequency behavior can be used to reinforce any low frequency behavior |
| Schedules of reinforcement | reinforcers produce different behavior patterns if they are delivered in different ways |
| Ratio Schedules | deliver a reinforcer after certain number of responses |
| Fixed Ratio | Number of required responses is constant |
| Variable Ratio | Number of required responses not constant |
| Interval Schedules | deliver reinforcer for first response that occurs after a period of time has elapsed |
| Fixed Interval | Period of Time is constant |
| Variable Interval | Period of time is not constant |
| Time Schedule | deliver reinforcers after certain amount of time has elapsed, response not required |
| Fixed Time | amount of time constant |
| Variable Time | amount of time not constant |
| Negative Reinforcement | removal of something that produce high in behavior |
| Escape | A response that terminates an aversive event |
| Avoidance | response that prevents an aversive event from occuring |
| Escape Seatbelt Example | putting on a seatbelt because car dinging at you |
| Avoidance Example | putting on seatbelt before car dings to avoid it |
| Avoidance Paradox | if the adverse event is eliminated, will the avoidance response continue? Yes |
| Punishment | Decrease in Behavior |
| Most effective Punishments | Starting at max intensity, High probability, delivered immediately, if there is an alternate response |
| If condition Violated | Punishment wont work |
| Extinction Burst | response rate increases before decreases |
| Spontaneous Recovery | an extinguished response recovers with passage of time |
| Application of Operant Principles | Substance Abuse, Gambling, Applied behavior analysis, concept formation, choice behavior |
| Memory | maintenance of behavior change |
| Information Processing Approach | approach is analogous to how your computer stores bits of info |
| Short Term Memory | limited capacity/duration |
| Sensory State | Momentary Storage of all sensory info |
| Long Term Memory | Relatively permanent storage of most info |
| Capacity of STM | Limited to 7+_ 2 with chunking |
| Context | importance of situation can increase memory (9/11) |
| Flashbulb Memories | 9/11, Bombings, things people remembers where and when |
| Rehearsal | the more elaborate the rehearsal the more likely to transfer to LTM |
| False Memories | peoples memories can be altered via suggestion |
| Declarative Memory | ability to state fact |
| Semantic | General Principles that aren't specific to you (President) |
| Episodic | Your own life (first grade teacher name) |
| Procedural Memory | memory of how to do something |
| Simplification | where details are lost unless noteworthy |
| Stereotyping | details change to conform to pre-existing stereotypes (ROTC stronger than librarians |
| Familiarization | new details changed to match what we're already familiar with |
| Acquisition | an early stage of the learning process during which time a response is first established |
| Contingency | conditional relation between 2 events. Probabilities between –1.0 and 1.0 |
| In classical conditioning experiments on tolerance, the CR is | the opposite of the UR. |
| You see your friend's car driving towards you. In an attempt to be humorous, you make a rude gesture at him. Unfortunately, as the car drives by, you realize that it's not your friend or his car, just one that looks like his. This is an example of | stimulus generalization |
| A dog receives conditioning trials in which a 5-second tone is sounded and 5 minutes later it receives a shock. What pairing procedure is being used? | Trace |
| You finally quit smoking. After taking a two-week vacation in the Bahamas you return home and find that your craving for cigarettes is also back. This is an example of | Spontaneous Recovery |
| A procedure in which the CS predicts the absence of the US is called | Inhibitory Conditioning |
| You have received a shock every time that you touch the doorknob. Now, you find yourself tensing up every time you reach for the doorknob. In this example, what pairing procedure was used to condition your behavior? | Simultaneous |
| When feeding your dog, you whistle while you open the can of dog food with your electric can opener. Now your dog runs into the kitchen whenever the can opener sounds, but does not run into the room when you just whistle. This is a potential example of | Blocking |
| A dog receives several trials in which a light is illuminated and then, shortly afterwards, it gets some food. Soon, the dog begins to salivate whenever the light comes on. In this example, what is the unconditioned response? | Salivation |
| Your mouth starts to water and your jaw tightens up whenever someone mentions lemons. In this situation, what is the unconditioned stimulus? | The taste of a lemon |
| In classical conditioning, the conditioned response | is the same/ opposite/similar to the unconditioned response. |
| Which of the following is necessary for classical conditioning to occur? | a contingency between the CS and US |
| A stimulus that naturally elicits a response is called | an unconditioned stimulus |
| If an unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly within a relatively short period of time, which of the following should occur? | habituation |
| classical conditioning depends on the | stimuli, not the responses |
| If you stop your car when the traffic signal turns red and proceed through the intersection when the light turns green, then you are displaying . | stimulus discrimination |
| If someone has been classically conditioned and has developed a “tolerance” to a certain drug, then when the person takes that drug in the presence of conditioned stimuli the drug should have effect than it did the first time the person took it. | less of an |
| Some people cringe when they see fingernails near a chalkboard. Other people do not. For those who do not, their failure to cringe can best be explained by which of the following? | for these people, the screeching sound fails to serve as an unconditioned stimulus |
| Schedule of reinforcement | the rules that control the timing and frequency of reinforcer delivery to increase the likelihood a target behavior will happen again, strengthen or continue. When studying positive reinforcement- reinforcers produce different behaviors |
| With Negative Punishment, the term negative means that | a stimulus is removed from the situation. |
| You are waiting for a phone call from your friend. If the phone call is a reinforcer, then what schedule is it on? | Variable Time |
| You stop at a new gas station to fill up your car with gas. It turns out that you are their first customer so you get a free tank of gas. You now fill up there all the time. In this example, the free tank of gas was a | Positive Reinforcer |
| Speeding tickets are designed to serve as | Positive punishers |
| A player tips the blackjack dealer every time the dealer deals the player a blackjack. From the dealer’s perspective, getting tipped occurs on which of the following schedules? | Variable Ratio |
| Your dog barks for 12 hrs a day and scratches itself for the other 12 hrs. When at the kennel you find that your dog spends 6 hrs a day barking and 18 hrs scratching itself. Which of the following occurred while you were gone? | Barking was punished and scratching was reinforced |
| A rat is trained to press a lever to gain access to food. If extinction is then instituted, then which of the following will most likely occur? | The rate of lever pressing will increase and then decrease. |
| A mother nags at her son every time he leaves the lid off the toothpaste tube. The son learns to put the lid back on the toothpaste tube. When the son moves away from home, he continues to put the lid back on the toothpaste tube. This is an example of | the avoidance paradox. |
| Which of the following is not a secondary reinforcer? Attentions Sex, Money, | Sex |
| Receiving gifts at Christmas is on what schedule? | fixed time |
| A mother makes watching television contingent upon a child cleaning his/her room. The mother is using | the Premack principle. |
| You own a factory and you want your workers to maintain the highest, most steady work pace possible. On which schedule should you pay your employees? | Variable Ratio |
| Any response that terminates an aversive stimulus constitutes a(n) response. | Escape |
| If your daughter spends 1 hr per day on the phone and 2 hr per day doing homework, then which of the following scenarios would the Premack Principle predict? | making her homework contingent upon talking on the phone will increase the amount of time she talks on the phone |
| The term “contingent” means | a causal relationship, dependency upon, correlated with. |
| Serial Position Effects | Primacy and Recency |
| Primacy | Tend to remember best things that occur first |
| Recency | Tend to remember things that occur last |
| Recency fades with | time |
| How do you loose memory | by developing more memories that take their place |
| Recall Memory | Ability to reproduce the memory, remember without external cues, Essay |
| Recognition Memory | Remembering with external cues, multiple choice, |
| Context Effect | Memory is best when in the same setting as learned it |
| State Dependent Theory | Memory is best when in the same physiological state as during learning, (High and High, or normal and normal) |
| Mass Practice | when learning episodes are over a period of time |
| Distributed Practice | occurs when many small learning episodes occur, |
| Method of Loci | Associating info with a spatial location |
| Peg Method | Remembering things in a certain order |
| Mnemonics tricks to Remembering (CRAMP) | Creating a Story, Rhyming, Acronyms/First letter Technique, Method of Loci, Peg Method |
| Interference Effects | Memories are not lost bc time passes, they're lost bc something interferes with them |
| proactive | When something of previous knowledge interferes with learning |
| Retroactive | Thing's that happen at a later time influence what you remember from before |
| You have a tendency to remember information at the beginning of a chapter better than information later in the chapter. This tendency is known as | the primacy effect. |
| Evidence suggests that both retroactive and proactive interference play a major role in forgetting information in which memory system? | Long term memory |
| Amnesia that impairs memory for information prior to the amnesia-inducing event is called | retrograde amnesia. |
| Multiple choice exams require which of the following? | Recognition |
| Being able to recall the last items on a list better than the ones in the middle of the list is called | the recency effect |
| The process in which information gets from short-term memory to long-term memory is called | Consolidation |
| In which of the following memory systems is capacity not unlimited? | Short term Memory |
| Working memory is equivalent to | Short term Memory |
| You are at a party and introduced to someone. Suddenly, someone spills a drink on you. After you are done wiping yourself off, you find that you can no longer remember the person's name. This is an example of | retroactive interference |
| Recall is better if someone tries to remember information in the same place as where s/he learned the information. This effect is called | context-dependent memory. |
| Which subsystem of long-term memory consists of general knowledge about the world? | semantic memory |
| Anterograde amnesia has been linked to damage to the | Hippocampus |
| Losing your memory for events that occurred prior to a certain point is called | Retrograde Amnesia |
| Which of the following mnemonics was invented by the ancient Greeks? | The method of Loci |
| The difference between context effects and state-dependent memory is that | context refers to the external environment whereas state-dependency refers to physiological state. |
| Retrograde Amnesia | inability to recall previous learning info |
| is retrograde amnesia permanent | may or may not be |
| How do you determine the severity of Retrograde Amnesia | depends upon how severe and where location is |
| What causes Anterograde Amnesia | damage to the hippocampus |
| What are the 2 reasons to forget things | Interference and Brain Damage |
| Habituation | less responsible to stimulus or event the more it happens |
| Habituation Example Clock | ticking clock is keeping you awake, eventually you get used to it and fall asleep, Spontaneous recovery occurs and you hear it the next night but fall asleep sooner. |
| In retrograde Amnesia, When is the memory loss | before the amnesia |
| In Anterograde Amnesia, When is memory loss | after the onset of amnesia |
| When an organism responds to both CS but one more than the other | Overshadowing |
| When the organism doesnt respond to the 2nd CS | Blocking |
| Encoding | the process of info getting to the brain |
| 3 types of encoding | semantic, acoustic, visual |
| Storage | Creation of a permanent record of info |
| 3 stages of storage | Sensory, STM, LTM |
| Retrieval | The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness |
| 3 Types of Retrieval | Recall, Recognition, Relearning |
| Proactive Interference | When something ive learned previously interferes with learning |
| Retroactive interference | things that happen later influences what I remember from before |
| Retrograde Amnesia | inability to recall previous info before onset |
| Anterograde Amnesia | inability to form new memories after onset |
Created by:
brkolstoe
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