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Physical Science
vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acceleration | rate of change of velocity of an object |
| acid | a substance that lowers that lowers the pH of water when added to it |
| activation of energy | energy necessary for two colliding atoms or molecules to react |
| anion | an atom with a negative charge as a result of having gained electrons |
| atom | the smallest particle of matter that still has the properties of the element that makes up the matter |
| base | a substance that raises the pH of water when added to it |
| batteries | energy stored in chemical reactions that is released as electrical energy |
| boiling point | temperature at which a substance changes from the liquid state to the gas state |
| catalyst | a substance that speeds up a reaction by lowering activation energy; is not used up in the reaction |
| cation | an atom with a positive charge as a result of having lost electrons |
| chemical bond | attractive force between atoms in a compound, formed by transferring or sharing electrons |
| chemical change | a change that results in one or more new substances being produced |
| chemical equation | shows the formulas, states of matter, and proportions of products and reactions and reactants in a reaction |
| chemical formula | representation of the ratio of elements in a compound, using the element symbols an numerical subscripts |
| circuit | a closed loop containing at least one power source and one device connected by wires |
| colloid | heterogeneous mixture that dose not settle or separate on its own |
| combination reaction | when the bonds of one or more reactants are broken, atoms rearranged, and bonds formed, resulting in new products |
| compound | a pure substance made by chemically bonding atoms in fixed ratios |
| condense | to change from the gas state to the liquid state |
| conduction | energy movement from on location to another by contact |
| covalent bond | attractive force between atoms scaring two electrons |
| current | flow of electric charge; can be carried by electrons moving through a circuit |
| decomposition reaction | one compound reacting to form two or more elements or compounds |
| distance | measurement of the space between two points |
| double bond | a covalent bond in which four electrons are shared |
| electricity | energy movement associated with an electrical current |
| electromagnetic spectrum | the range of all frequencies' electromagnetic radiation, such as microwaves and visible light |
| electron | a small negatively charges particle in an atom, found outside the nucleus |
| electron cloud | the region outside the nucleus in which electrons of different energy are likely to be found |
| electrostatic reaction | a reaction in which more heat is absorbed than is released; lowers the temperature of its surroundings |
| fluid friction | the resistance of an object's movement through a liquid or gas |
| force | a push or a pull; equal to the mass of an object times the acceleration acting on it |
| freeze | to change from the liquid to the solid state |
| frequency | the number of cycles of a wave of electromagnetic radiation that pass a point in one second |
| friction | the resistance or opposition to motion |
| fulcrum | the pivot point of a lever |
| gas | state of matter that takes the shape and volume of its container |
| gravitational force | the force of attraction between any two objects with mass |
| heterogeneous | matter with uniform composition |
| hydroelectric | eclectic power generated by turbines moved by water flowing downward |
| inclined plane | a simple machine consisting of a ramp |
| ionic bond | attractive force between atoms as a result of electrons transferring from one to the other |
| kinetic energy | energy from motion |
| Law of Conservation of Energy | energy cannot be created of destroyed |
| Law of Conservation of Matter | matter (or mass) cannot be created or destroyed |
| lever | a simple machine that consists of a bar that pivots about a point |
| light energy | energy contained in electromagnetic waves |
| liquid | state of matter that takes the space but not the volume or shape of its container |
| magnetic force | the force exerted between magnets |
| mass | the amount of matter in an object |
| melting point | temperature at which a substance from the solid state to the liquid state |
| metalloids | having properties of both metals and non-metals; the elements between metals and non-metals on the periodic table: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At |
| metals | elements to the left of the metalloids on the periodic table; conductive, malleable, and shiny |
| mixture | matter containing more than one pure substance |
| molecule | smallest particle of a compound that still has the properties of that compound; has atoms bonded together in the ratio given by the compound's formula |
| momentum | a quantity of motion; equal to the mass of an object times its velocity |
| net force | the sum of forces acting on an object; forces in the same direction are added, in opposite directions are subtracted |
| neutron | a neutral particle in an atom, found inside the nucleus |
| non-metals | elements to the right of the metalloids on the periodic table; non-conductive brittle, and dull |
| non-polar | a molecule in which the electrons are shared equally through covalent bonds |
| nuclear force | the attractive force between protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
| nuclear power | electric power generated by turbines moved by steam generated by the heat of nuclear reactions |
| nucleus | central part if the atom; contains most of the atom's mass, as protons and neutrons |
| Periodic Law | when elements are arranged in order by number of protons, groups with similar properties occur periodically (such as every 8 elements) |
| periodic table of elements | arrangement of the elements in order b number o9e protons in rows and columns, with each column of elements having similar properties |
| pH scale | scale if acidity from 0 to 14, with 0 being most acidic and 14 being least acidic (most basic) |
| physical change | a change that does not change the identity of the substance |
| polar | a molecule in which the electrons are shared unequally though covalent bonds, producing slightly positive and negative poles |
| potential energy | stored energy; energy that can be released by changing it into another form |
| product | a compound or element that is the result of a chemical reaction |
| proton | a positive particle in an atom, found inside the nucleus |
| pulley | a simple machine consisting of a grooved wheel through which a rope passes |
| radiation | energy movement through space in the form of waves or particles |
| reactant | a compound or element that is an ingredient in a chemical reaction |
| reaction rate | how quickly or slowly a reaction progresses |
| rolling friction | the resistance to motion that exists between two objects sliding past one another |
| sliding friction | the resistance to motion that exists between two objects sliding past one another |
| solar | electric energy generated by light energy from the sun moving electrons through solar panels |
| solid | state of matter that takes neither the shape nor the volume of its container |
| solute | the component in a solution that is dissolved |
| solution | a homogeneous mixture of two or more pure substances |
| solvent | the component in a solution that does the dissolving |
| static friction | the resistance of motion that exists between a stationary object and the surface on which it sits |
| suspension | the heterogeneous mixture that settles or separates on its own |
| synthesis reaction | two or more elements or compounds reacting to form one compound (also known as combination reaction) |
| unshared electrons | pairs of electrons in the outermost level of an atom that are not shared in a covalent bond with another atom |
| velocity | the speed and direction of a moving object |
| wavelength | length from peak to peak of a wave of electromagnetic radiation |
| wind power | electric power generated by turbines moved by the wind |
Created by:
cmseymour
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