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Unit 3
Neuroscience, genetics, and behavior
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons. Signals can travel 2-200mph | Neural Communication |
| Life support center of the neuron. | Cell Body |
| Big bushy branch like extensions. Receive messages from other neurons. | Dendrites |
| Long single fiber of a neuron that sends the message to the axon terminal. | Axon |
| fatty tissue that insulates the axon. This insulates and speeds up messages through neurons. | Myelin sheath |
| Smaller branched endings of an axon that transmit messages to other neurons. | Terminal Branches of axon (axon terminals) |
| Our body’s information system. | Neuron |
| A neural impulse. A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. Stimulated by movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane. | Action Potential |
| After a neuron fires an action potential it pauses for a short period to recharge itself to fire again. | Refractory Period |
| Pumps positive ions out from the inside of the neuron, making them ready for another action potential. | Sodium-Potassium Pumps |
| Action Potential Properties- Our neurons either fire (send a signal) or they don’t. | All-or-None Response |
| Action Potential Properties- Intensity of an action potential | remains the same throughout the length of the axon. |
| a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. This tiny gap is called the synaptic gap or cleft. | Synapse |
| Chemicals released from the sending neuron travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing it to generate an action potential. | Neurotransmitters |
| Neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into the sending neurons through this process. This process applies the brakes on neurotransmitter action. | Reuptake |
| How does serotonin influence us | involved with mood regulation |
| How does dopamine influence us | Involved with diseases like schizophrenia and Parsons disease |
| Neurotransmitters bind to receptors of receiving neuron in a key lock mechanism | Lock and Key Mechanism |
| What do agonists do? | mimic neurotransmitters. ex.: morphine mimics endorphins by stimulating receptors in brain areas involved in mood and pain sensations |
| pleasant agonist effects | amplify arousal or pleasure |
| unpleasant agonist effects | ex.: black widow venom flooding synapses with ach = muscle contractions, convulsions, and possible death |
| similar enough to neurotransmitter to block receptor site, but not enough to stimulate the receptor | Antagonists |
| How is botulin an antagonist | blocks the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACH) |
| carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the Central Nervous System (CNS) | Sensory neurons |
| carry outgoing information from the Central Nervous System (CNS) to muscles and glands. | Motor Neurons |
| Connects sensory and motor neurons | interneurons |
| provides nutrition to neurons. | Astrocytes |
| insulates neurons as myelin. | Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells |
| the base of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing. | Medulla |
| a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling alertness and sleep. | Reticular Formation |
| the brain’s sensory switchboard (except smell), located on top of the brainstem. | Thalamus |
| The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brain stem. It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance/coordination. | Cerebellum |
| associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. | Limbic System |
| consists of two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and anger. In the limbic system | Amygdala |
| lies below the thalamus. It directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions. It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. (Ventromedial and Lateral) In the limbic system | Hypothalamus |
| All lobes are called: | the cerebral cortex or the cerebrum |
| Each brain hemisphere is divided into four lobes that are separated by prominent fissures. These lobes are the frontal lobe (forehead), parietal lobe (top to rear head), occipital lobe (back head) and temporal lobe (side of head). | Cerebral Cortex |
| Problem solving, attention, judgment, reflection, coordination of movement, sense of smell, libido,… | Frontal Lobe |
| Sense of touch, response to internal stimuli, sensory combination & comprehension, some lang & reading functions, some visual functions. | Parietal |
| Vision & Reading | Occipital |
| Auditory memories, hearing, visual memories, music, fear, some lang & speech, emotions, sense of identity… | Temporal |
| the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements. | Motor Cortex (strip) |
| Receives information from skin surface and sense organs. | The Sensory Cortex (strip) (parietal cortex) |
| impairment of language | Aphasia |
| What area of the brain forms words? | Broca’s area |
| What area of the brain understands language? | Wernicke’s area |
| Consists of all the nerve cells. It is the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system. (Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)) | Nervous System |
| Interconnected neurons form networks in the brain. Theses networks are complex and modify with growth and experience. the brain and spinal cord and involves your reflexes | Central Nervous System (CNS) |
| the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. Made of Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System | Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
| The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. | Somatic Nervous System |
| Part of the PNS that controls the glands and other muscles. | Autonomic Nervous System |
| Division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. (Increase in heartbeat, breathing, slowing of digestion) | Sympathetic Nervous System |
| Division of the ANS that calms the body, conserving its energy. (Stabilizes heartbeat and breathing, normalizes digestion) | Parasympathetic Nervous System |
| the body’s “slow” chemical communication system. Communication is carried out by hormones synthesized by a set of glands. | Endocrine System |
| chemicals synthesized by the endocrine glands that are secreted in the bloodstream. Hormones affect the brain and many other tissues of the body. | Hormones |
| Regulates growth of muscles, bones, and other glands. | growth in the Pituitary Gland: Pea sized “master gland” |
| Stimulates labor in women, also called “love hormone” because it increases bonding. | Oxytocin in the Pituitary Gland: Pea sized “master gland” |
| Stimulates milk production in women. For both: promotes weight gain, inhibits reproductive function, responsive to anxiety). | Prolactin in the Pituitary Gland: Pea sized “master gland” |
| Produces thyroxine which affects the body’s metabolism | Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands |
| Increase resistance to stress & promote muscle development. Causes liver to release stored sugar, making energy available for emergencies | Cortical steroids from Adrenal Glands |
| Helps to cope with stressful situations | Adrenaline & noradrenalin from Adrenal glands |
| Testosterone | Male sex hormone, but found in females in small amounts |
| Adolescence | Aids in muscle & bone growth, primary & secondary sex characteristics. (Reproduction/body hair) |
| Estrogen | primary and secondary sex characteristic (body hair & breast development) |
| Progesterone | stimulates growth of female reproductive organs & helps prepare the body for pregnancy |
| Both Estrogen & Progesterone regulate the | menstrual cycle |
Created by:
logandubois5
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