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Psych Ex 2 Ch 8
Memory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Memory | Persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval of info |
| Encode | Process of getting info into memory system |
| Store | Process of retaining encoded info over time |
| Retrieve | Process of getting info out of memory storage |
| Retention measures | Recall, recognition, relearning |
| Recall | Person must retrieve info learned earlier |
| Recognition | Identifies items previously learned |
| Relearning | Assesses amount of time saved when learning material again |
| Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin | Proposed a three stage model of memory forming |
| Three stage model | Record info as sensory memory, process info into short term and encode it through rehearsal, move info into long term |
| Sensory memory | Immediate/brief recording of sensory info |
| Short term memory | Briefly activated memory of few items that is later stored or forgotten |
| Long term memory | Relatively permanent/limitless active of memory system |
| Working memory | Newer form of short term, conscious/active processing of incoming sensory info and retrieved from long term memory |
| Who thought of working memory? | Alan Baddely |
| Semantic memory | Explicit memory of facts/general knowledge |
| Episodic memory | Explicit memory of personally experienced events (autobiographically memory) |
| Explicit memory | Declarative memory -Facts/experiences that one can consciously know and declare |
| What does explicit memory go through? | Hippocampus, frontal lobes for processing |
| Implicit memory | Non-declarative memory -involved retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection -Include procedural memory for automatic skills/classical conditioning among stimuli |
| How is implicit memory encoded? | Through automatic processing without awareness |
| How is explicit memory encoded? | Through conscious effortful processing |
| Procedural memory and priming are part of what memory? | Implicit |
| Procedural memory | Body and motor memory - learn motor programs that don't need conscious retrieval |
| Priming | Based on classical conditioning -unconscious activation of association and memory |
| Ionic memory | Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli -photographic/picure image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
| Echoic memory | Momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli -If attention is elsewhere, the words can still be revealed within 3 to 4 seconds |
| Effortful processing strategies | Chunking, mnemonics, hierarchies |
| Chunking | Organizing items into familiar/manageable units -occurs automatically |
| Mnemonics | Memory aids (especially techniques that use vivid imagery or organization) -help with retaining larger pieces of info |
| Hierarchies | Concepts divided into narrower concepts -helps retrieve info efficiently |
| Hippocampus | In limbic system // matures over time -registers and temporarily holds elements of explicit memories before moving them into other long lasting regions |
| What is the hippocampus required for? | Learning new info |
| What happens if the hippocampus is damaged? | Anterograde amnesia |
| Patient HM | Henry Gustav Molaison had bilateral media temporal lobectomy. 2/3 surgically resected of his hippocampus and other areas to cure epilepsy |
| What were the findings of patient HM? | Established fundamental principle that memory is a distinct cerebral function -identified that temporal lobe is important for memory |
| Anterograde amnesia | Cannot make new memories -impairing |
| Retrograde amnesia | Cannot remember previously encoded memories |
| Amygdala | Stress provokes amygdala to initiate memory trade -emotion can be attended to the memory |
| Flashbulb memory | Clear memory of an emotionally significant moment/event |
| What are flashbulb memories associated with? | Amygdala |
| Priming | Activation (unconsciously) of certain associations predisposing ones perception, memory, and response |
| State dependent memory | What we learn in a state may be better recalled when in that state |
| Mood congruent | Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones good or bad mood |
| What is mood congruent associated with? | State dependent memory |
| Context dependent memory | putting oneself back into context may help with memory retrieval |
| Encoding specificity principle | Cues/context specific to memory will be most effective during recall |
| What is the encoding specificity principle associated with? | Context dependent memory |
| What is forgetting due to? | Encoding failure, storage delay, retrieval failure |
| Encoding failure | Won't remember the info -affected by age -requires selective/sustained attention to enter short term memory |
| What does impaired attention in encoding failure lead to? | Limits absolute amount of material that can be consolidated/retrieved |
| Storage decay | After encoding, things can still be forgotten (initially rapid) -physical changes in brain occur as memory forms (memory trace) |
| Retrieval failure | Contribute to the occasional memory failures in adults -may stem from interference and motivated forgetting |
| Motivated forgetting relates to...? | Painful memories |
| Interference relates to...? | Proactive/retroactive intereference |
| Proactive interference | Forward acting -prior learning disrupts recall of new info |
| Retroactive interference | Backward acting -new learning disrupts recall of older info |
| Misinformation effect | Occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading info -can influence later attitudes and behaviors |
| Eyewitness testimony | Children's memories can easily be melded |
| Who's research backed eyewitness testimony? | Ceci/Bruck |
| Reconsolidation | Process in which previously stored memories when retrieved are potentially altered before being stored again |
Created by:
MikalahQuillen
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