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1 Ch - Phy Sci M 4B

Apologia Physical Science Module 4B

QuestionAnswer
metallic bond the attraction of the positive metal ions to the valence electrons of neighboring metal ions
hydrogen bonds when a positively charged hydrogen side of a water molecule is attracted to the negatively charged side of another water molecule
Hydrogen bonds are formed between molecules, not between atoms.
hard water water with a higher amount of metal ions dissolved in it
water softening when a chemical process called "ion exchange" removes ions like calcium and magnesium from water
cohesion the force of attraction between molecules of the SAME substance so that they tend to stick together
adhesion the force of attraction between molecules of DIFFERENT substance so that they tend to stick together
meniscus the concave curve in the upper surface of water in a container
capillary action a type of movement in which something travels upward without any pumping system; made possible by cohesion and adhesion
surface tension when cohesion pulls the molecules on top of a liquid tightly together to form a skin-like boundary that can support weight
Most metals have a very low attraction for electrons, which allows them to give up their electrons easily to become positive ions. This is what makes them good conductors of energy.
Hydrogen bonds are weaker bonds than covalent or ionic bonds, but strong enough to make molecules "stick" together.
Water is able to dissolve many substances because it is a polar molecule.
Hydrogen bonding is special because it causes water molecules to stick closer together and limits their movement somewhat.
In general, IONIC and POLAR substances can dissolve each other.
In general, NONpolar substances can dissolve ONLY other NONpolar substances.
When water is a solid, its molecules are actually father apart than when it is a liquid, allowing solid water (ice) to float in liquid water.
Changing from a liquid to a gas occurs when a substance gains energy.
Noble gases have stable electron configurations and therefore they are not reactive.
The attraction between the SHARED electrons and protons in each nucleus hold the atoms together in a covalent bond.
If water cannot dissolve a substance, it is likely that the substance is nonpolar.
Water has a high boiling point because the hydrogen bonds hold the molecules together. Therefore, it take a lot of energy (thus a high temp) to pull them apart.
Hydrogen bonding in water takes place between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
Created by: MrsHough
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