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Anatomy Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which region has only thick filaments? | H-zone |
| Which region has only thin filaments? | I-band |
| Which region has both thick and thin filaments? | A-band |
| Which structure is seen as "dark"? | A-band |
| Which structure is seen as "light"? | I-band |
| What is the name of the structure that runs from one Z-disc to the next Z-disc? | Sarcomere |
| What is the charge outside of the muscle fiber at rest? | Postive |
| What is the charge inside of the muscle fiber at rest? | Negative |
| What ion is in greater abundance outside the muscle fiber at rest? | Na+ |
| What is the ion in greater abundance inside of the muscle fiber at rest? | K+ |
| What is the name of the process in which the muscle changes its initial charge? | Depolarization |
| What is the process in which the action potential spreads down the sarcolemma? | Propagation |
| What is the name of the process in which the muscle cell returns to its original charge? | Repolarization |
| What is used to ensure that the ions are properly distributed when repolarization occur? | Na+/K+ pump |
| Is the Na+/K+ pump an active or passive transport? | Active |
| What neurotransmitter must be released in order to generate an action potential? | Acetylcholine |
| What is the name of the region where the synaptic knob meets the muscle fiber to release this neurotransmitter? | The neuromuscular junction |
| What is the name of the thick filament? | Myosin |
| What is the name of the thin filament? | Actin |
| Where is tropomyosin located? | Actin |
| What is the function of tropomyosin? | It covers the binding sites on actin |
| Where is troponin located? | Actin |
| What is the function of troponin? | It binds with Ca2+ to move tropomyosin away from the binding sites |
| What ion does troponin bind with? | Ca2+ |
| What is the name of the structures that store the Calcium within a muscle fiber called? | Terminal cisternae and sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| What is the name of the structure that runs between the structures mentioned in the above question? | Longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| What are the structures that make a “triad” in a muscle fiber | 2 terminal cisternae and 1 t-tubule |
| What is used to help return the Calcium to the sarcoplasmic reticulum? Is this an active or passive transport process? | Ca2+ ATPase |
| List the 4 characteristics to muscle tissue: | Excitability, contractility, elasticity, and extensibility |
| What does excitability mean? | Responds to stimuli |
| What does contractility mean? | Leads to contraction/shortening |
| What does elasticity mean? | Ability to return to resting length |
| What does extensibility mean? | Ability to stretch |
| 5 functions of muscle tissue: | Movement, support, protection, heat generation, and blood circulation |
| Each fiber is composed of bundles of muscle fibers called? | Fascicles |
| Myofibrils are made up of? | Myofilaments |
| What are the three connective tissue layers to a skeletal muscle from superficial to deep? | Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium |
| The plasma membrane of a muscle cell is also known as the? | Sarcolemma |
| What is the name of the structure that attaches muscle to bone? What type of connective tissue is it made from? | Tendons, made from dense regular CT |
| Are tendons well vascularized? | They are poorly vascularized |
| What do we call a repetitive inflammatory injury to the above named structure? | Tendinitis |
| What is a sarcomere? | A functional unit of skeletal muscle where shortening happens |
| During the sliding-filament theory, do the myofilaments actually shorten? | No, they do not change shape. They slide past each other |
| What happens to the Z-discs during the sliding-filament theory? | They move closer together |
| What happens to the H-zone during the sliding filament theory? | It disppears |
| List the 4 stages of the sliding filament theory: | Cross-bridge, power stroke, detachment, and return |
| What happens during the cross-bridge stage? | Calcium binds to troponin removing the tropomyosin, myosin head containing ADP and Pi binds with the thin filament |
| What happens during the power stroke stage? | Pi (phosphate) is released, myosin head changes form and pulls thin filament towards the H-zone |
| What happens during the detachment stage? | ATP must attach to the myosin head to release it |
| What happens during the return stage? | ATP catabolizes to ADP and Pi |
| Give the definition of an isotonic contraction: | Muscle changes length against weight (resistance) |
| What is an example of isotonic contraction? | Curling weights |
| List the two phases of an isotonic contraction: | Concentric and eccentric |
| List the two phases of an isometric contraction | Concentric and eccentric |
| What is an example of isometric contraction? | Planking |
| What is a motor unit? | Motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls |
| Which would have a larger amount of motor units, your hamstrings or the muscles of your hand? | Hamstrings |
| Agonist definition: | Prime mover for any action |
| Antagonist definition: | Opposite of agonist |
| Synergist definition: | Helps the agonist |
| Where is growth hormone released from? | Posterior pituitary gland |
| What does growth hormone effect? | Growth |
| Where is thyroid hormone released from? | Thyroid gland |
| What does thyroid hormone effect? | Stimulates bone growth |
| Where is parathyroid hormone released? | Parathyroid gland |
| What does parathyroid hormone effect? | Activates osteoclast |
| Where is calcitonin released from? | Thyroid gland |
| What does calcitonin effect? | Promotes Ca2+ deposition in bone (negative feedback) |
| What does estrogen and testosterone effect? | Puberty growth, and promotes epiphyseal plate growth and closure |
| What is actually happening in the condition known as Achondroplasia? | A mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 causing it to be continually active and leads to severely shortened bones |
| what are the 5 zones of epiphyseal cartilage? (beginning epiphysis- beginning diaphysis) | Zone of resting cartilage, zone of proliferating cartilage (growth), zone of hypertrophic cartilage (enlargement), zone of calcified cartilage, and zone of ossification (making of bone) |
| Which zone is closest to the epiphysis? | Zone of resting cartilage |
| Which zone is closest to the diaphysis? | Zone of ossification |
| Which zone has cells that are proliferating and multiplying? | Zone of proliferating cartilage |
| Which zone is being replaced by bone? | Zone of ossification |
| What is actually happening in the condition called Osteoporosis? What is happening to the bones? | Bone is being loss; bone density and mass is loss |
| What is another name for a Haversian System? | Osteon |
| What is the “bullseye” of this structure called? What is running though here? | The central canal; blood vessels and nerves |
| What is the function of Perforating (Volkman’s) canal’s? | Runs perpendicular; osteons to blood vessel |
| What is the name of the connective tissue structure that covers our bones? How many layers does it have? | Periosteum |
| What are the layers of the periosteum? | Cambium (inner) and fibrous (outer) |
| What is the name of the structures that attach the above named structure to the bone? | Sharpay's fibres |
| How does exercise help our bones? | Weight lifting |
| What type of bone is found in the diaphysis? | Compact bone |
| What type of bone is found in the epiphysis? | Spongy bone |
| What type of cartilage is found in the metaphysis? | Hyaline |
| What type of cartilage is articular cartilage? | Hyaline |
| What is the difference between the epiphyseal plate and the epiphyseal line? | Epiphyseal line is the remnant of epiphyseal plate in mature bone |
| Name a major difference in the microscopic anatomy between compact and spongy bone. | Spongy: filled w/ red bone marrow by compact bone Compact: surrounds spongy bone |
| What type of cartilage is the model for Endochondral Ossification? | Hyaline |
| What types of bones undergo Endochondral Ossification? | Most bones in the body except flat bones |
| What types of bones are formed by Intramembranous Ossification? | Flat bones: skull, some facial bones, mandible, and central clavicle |
| How does appositional growth affect the development of bone? | Bones will be wider and thicker |
| What is the function of osteoprogenitor cells? | Divide and become osteoblast through mitosis |
| What is the function of osteoblast? | Immature cells that bone |
| What is the function of osteocytes? | Mature cells that maintain the bone matrix |
| What is the function of osteoclast? | Reabsorbs bone (reabsorbs Ca2+) |
| What would happen if osteoclast activity was greater than osteoblast activity? | Bone would be broken down faster than its built |
| List the two main minerals found within bone tissue: | Calcium and phosphorus |
| What does vitamin C do? | Promotes collagen production |
| What does vitamin D do? | Promotes absorption of Ca2+ and phosphate into blood; helps calcify bone |
| What does vitamin A do? | Activates osteoblast |
| What are the six functions of the skeletal system? | Protects internal organs, stores and releases fat, produces all blood cells, stores and releases minerals, facilitates movement, and supports the body |
| What is the major protein fiber running through the bony matrix? | Collagen |
| What are the inorganic components of bone? | Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxapetite |
| What are the shapes of bone? | Long bone (femur), short bone (tarsal), flat bone (sternum), irregular bone (coxal) |
| Name the blood vessel that enters the bone through the diaphysis. | Nutrient artery |
| Do bones have nerves running through them? | Yes |
| What is a fibrous joint? | A joint connected to fibrous tissue (dense regular CT) |
| What is a cartilaginous joint? | A joint connected by cartilage (hyaline and fibrocartilage) |
| What is a synovial joint? | A joint that contains a joint cavity |
| What is an example of a fibrous joint? | Teeth |
| What is an example of cartilaginous joint? | Epiphyseal plate |
| What is an example of a synovial joint? | Shoulder |
| What is a synarthrosis joint? | An immobile joint |
| What is a amphiarthrosis joint? | A slightly moveable joint |
| What is a diarthrosis joint? | A freely moveable joint |
| Whats an example of a synarthrosis joint? | Teeth |
| What is an example of a diarthrosis joint? | Shoulder |
| What is an example of an amphiarthrosis joint? | Between the radius and ulna |
| What is the most common type of arthritis? Can you briefly describe what is happening with this type of arthritis? | The bone begins to rub together due to the cartilage pads being worn down. It's common in hands, knees, hips, and spine. |
| What is gomphosis? | Mobile peg and socket joint |
| What is a suture? | Connects the bones of the skull |
| What is syndesmosis? | 2 adjacent bones linked by strong membrane or ligaments |
| What is synchondrosis? | Cartilaginous; bone joined by hyaline cartilage |
| What is a symphysis? | One bone meets another |
| Would a symphysis be considered a synarthrosis, diarthrosis or amphiarthrosis? | Amphiarthrosis |
| Would a suture be considered a synarthrosis, diarthrosis or amphiarthrosis? | Synarthrosis |
| Would a synchondrosis be considered a fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial joint? | Cartilaginous |
| Would a suture be considered a fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial joint? | Fibrous |
| What type of cartilage is found in the pubic symphysis? | Fibrocartilage |
| Are synovial joints considered a synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis or diarthrosis? | Diarthrosis |
| What are the 2 layer of a joint capsule? | Fibrous layer (CT), and synovial layer (areolar) |
| What does the synovial layer produce? | Produces synovial fluid |
| What is the joint space? | Fluid filled space between the bones |
| What does articular cartilage allow for? | Movement and protection |
| What does synovial fluid do? | Lubricates the joints for mobility and reduces friction |
| What do reducing ligaments (bone to bone) allow for? | Allows for movement and avoid excessive movement |
| What type of cartilage is found in the articular cartilage? | Hyaline |
| Is mature cartilage vascular? | No, it's avasvcular |
| How does cartilage get its nutrients? | Synovial fluid |
| What does it mean when you have a “sprain” injury? | Stretching/tearing of ligaments |
| What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament? | Prevents excessive forwards movements of tibia or limiting rotational knee movements |
| What type of cartilage makes the meniscus? | Fibrocartilage |
| What structures are affected in what’s known as the “terrible triad of O'Donoghue”? | ACL, medial meniscus, and medial collateral ligament (MCL) |
| How many vertebrae make up the cervical spine? | 7 |
| What is the normal curvature that is found in the cervical spine? Why do you think this curve is found here? | Lordosis; distribution of head weight |
| How many vertebrae make up the thoracic spine? | 12 |
| What type of normal curvature is found in the thoracic spine? Why do you this this curve is found here? | Kyphosis; balance/helps to stand up straight |
| How many vertebrae make up the lumbar spine? | 5 |
| What type of curve is found in the lumbar spine? | Lordosis; distributes weight |
| What type of cartilage are the intervertebral discs made from? | Fibrocartilage |
| What is the inner “gel” like material of the intervertebral disc called? | Nucleus polposus |
| Is there such a thing as a “slipped” disc? | No |
| What are some other types of disc injuries that can occur? Why can these be problematic? | Herniated disc; fluid leaves and compresses the spinal nerve |
| How many fused segments make up the sacrum? | 5 |
| How many fused segments make up the coccyx? | 4 |
| Which two structures (out of the 8 common characteristics) on a vertebrae will meet to make a joint and also form the intervertebral foramen? | Superior and Inferior articular process |
| What is leaving from the intervertebral foramen? | Spinal nerves |
| Can you sprain your spine? | Yes |
| Elbow joint name: | Humeroulnar (hinge) |
| Shoulder joint name: | Glenohumeral (ball and socket) |
| Hip joint name: | Femoroacetabular (ball and socket) |
| Wrist joint name: | Radiocarpal (condylar) |
| Knee joint name: | Tibiofemoral (hinge) |
| Which joint meets the first cervical vertebra? | Atlanto-occipital (condylar) |
| Which joint is where the sacrum meets the coxal bone? | Sacroiliac (planar/gliding) |
| Ankle joint name: | Talocrural (hinge) |
| What is the joint between the phalanges? | Interphalangeal (hinge) |
| What joint is where the atlas meets the axis? | Atlanto-axial (pivot) |
| What joint is between the carpals? | Intercarpals (planar/gliding) |
| First metacarpal and trapezium joint name: | Carpometacarpal (saddle) |
| Mandibular condyle and mandibular fossa joint name: | Temporo-mandibular (modified hinge type joint) |
| Metacarpals and phalanges joint name: | Metacarpophalangeal (ball and socket) |
| Head of radius and ulna joint name: | Proximal radioulnar (pivot) |
| Flexion definition: | Downward angle of joint |
| Extension definition: | Upward angle of joint |
| Medial (internal) rotation definition: | Rotating head of bone towards midline |
| Lateral (external) rotation definition: | Rotating head of bone away from midline |
| Supination definition: | Palm moves to face up |
| Pronation definition: | Palm moves to face down |
| Elevation definition: | Moving scapula or mandible superior |
| Retraction definition: | Moving scapula or mandible posterior |
| Depression definition: | Moving scapula or mandible inferior |
| Protraction definition: | Moving Scapula or mandible anterior |
| Lateral flexion definition: | Bending of spine to side in coronal plane |
| What are the characteristics of a planar/gliding joint? | Flat/curved surfaces meeting, "sliding" movment |
| What are the characteristics of a pivot joint? | Rounded part of the bone is elevated by the ligament of another bone, allow for rotation |
| What are the characteristics of a saddle joint? | Both surfaces have a "saddle" |
| What are the characteristics of a hinge joint? | Convex surface fits into a concave surface |
| What are the characteristics of a condylar joint? | Rounded surface meets with the depression on another bone, "mini" ball and socket |
| What are the characteristics of a ball and socket joint? | Rounded head fits into a concave surface |
Created by:
tabithaj23