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Psych Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Consciousness | Our conscious mind is what makes us truly alive |
| Bodily Rhythms | Influence but do not determine conscious actions of why we do what we do and think what we think |
| Infradian body rhythm | Occurs less than one time per 24 hours ex. migration, hibernation, menstruation, hormonal cycles |
| Ultradian | Occurs more than one time per 24 hours ex. hunger |
| Circadian | Once per 24 hours ex. sleep |
| Sleep cycle stages | 1-2-3-4-3-2-REM |
| Stage 0 | Awake (alpha waves) |
| Stage 1 | Edge of consciousness (slowed alpha waves) |
| Stage 2 | Sleep "spindles" (slow alpha w/ intermittent delta sleep waves |
| Stage 3 | Entry to deep sleep (beginning consistent delta waves) |
| Stage 4 | Full deep sleep (exclusively delta waves) |
| REM | Rapid eye movement, replenishes the mind, dreaming, we become nearly paralyzed |
| Quiet Sleep | Happens in the first 4 stages, replenishes the body |
| Insomnia | Having a hard time falling asleep |
| Hypersomnia | Too much sleep |
| Sleep Apnea | Not breathing properly when sleeping |
| Sleep Paralysis | Wake up in REM and cannot move, you've skipped a few stages in the sleep cycle and that's why you're paralyzed |
| Narcolepsy | Going from 0 to REM immediately and involuntarily falling asleep |
| Nightmare Disorder | Recurrent and horrific nightmares |
| Night terrors | People believe that their nightmare is a reality when they wake up |
| REM behavior disorder | When someone does act out their dreams and doesn't go into paralysis |
| Sleep walking/talking | Happens in stage 1 of the sleep cycle |
| Lucid dreaming | a conscious awareness of dreaming accompanied by the ability to control the content of the dream |
| Sensation | catching physical energy from the external environment |
| 1st step of sensation | Energy |
| 2nd step of sensation | Accessory structure |
| Accessory structure | part of your body that is built to catch the specific energy |
| 3rd step of sensation | Transduction |
| Transduction | Puts the energy into a neural response A. Receptor Site B. Receptor Cells |
| 4th step of sensation | Sensory Nerve |
| 5th step of sensation | Thalamus |
| Sensory Nerve, takes it from the accessory structure to the brain, transfers it into coded info | |
| Thalamus | it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla, (this is always step #5 for sensation but NEVER for smell) |
| Step 6 of sensation | Cerebral Cortex (where in the brain?) |
| Cerebral Cortex | The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center. |
| Step 1 of vision sensation | Energy: Light waves |
| Step 2 of vision sensation | Accessory Structure: Eye |
| Step 3 of vision sensation | Transduction: A. Receptor Site: Retina, B. Receptor Cells: Rods & Cones |
| Step 4 of vision sensation | Sensory nerve: Optic Nerve |
| Step 5 of vision sensation | Thalamus |
| Step 6 of vision sensation | Cerebral cortex: occipital lobe |
| Rods | Low light (B&W) |
| Cones | Highlight (colors) |
| Step 1 of hearing sensation | Energy: Sound waves |
| Step 2 of hearing sensation | Accessory structure: outer/middle ear |
| Step 3 of hearing sensation | Transduction: A. Receptor Site: Cochlea, B. Receptor Cells: Cilia |
| Step 4 of hearing sensation | Sensory nerve: Auditory nerve |
| Step 5 of hearing sensation | Thalamus |
| Step 6 of hearing sensation | Cerebral cortex: Temporal Lobe |
| Cochlea | a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses |
| Cilia | The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner |
| Perception | The individualized translation or interpretation of the energy that you catch from the external environment |
| Absolute threshold | The minimum amount of energy that the human sense can detect |
| Weber's Law of Just Noticeable Difference | JND |
| Fechner's Law: Magnitude of difference | As the intensity of a stimulus increases, exponentially larger differences are necessary to detect or perceive the same MOD |
| Sensory adaptation | The slow disappearance or minimization of perception based upon continued exposure |
| Binocular Disparity Eyes | placement determines how close or how far we can accurately perceiver visual information |
| Binocular Disparity Ears | Placement/design limits ability to hear clearly, must turn the face to hear sound, "talking behind your back" |
| Monocular Cues | cues learned via experiences/gained knowledge, influence perception by taking what we know to make sense of what we see |
| Relative size | a monocular cue for perceiving depth; the smaller retinal image is farther away |
| Linear perspective | A monocular cue for perceiving depth; the more parallel lines converge, the greater their perceived distance. |
| Interposition | monocular visual cue in which two objects are in the same line of vision and one partially conceals the other, indicating that the first object concealed is further away |
| Light/shadow | a monocular cue for perceiving depth; a dimmer object seems farther away |
| Motion Parallax | objects that are closer are moving faster than objects that are farther away |
| Gestalt Principles | the human brain is wired to automatically perceive things in a way that makes the most sense, to create structure or logic where it may or may not exist |
| Proximity | grouping things together that are close |
| Closure | Making something is unfinished, finished |
| Similarity | What goes together |
| Continuity | connected things in less parts |
| Focal point | what draws our attention first |
| Figure ground | background is the ground, first image is what you see |
| Episodic Memory | like an episode in your mind, episodes of events in your life |
| Procedural memory | step by step instructions of "how to" memories, the more you do it the quicker you get at it, can start as episodic, but over time become procedural |
| Semantic memory | general knowledge |
| Sensory memory | 1 to 2 seconds, decide whether you want to keep the memory |
| Short term memory | 30-40 seconds, limit of 7-8 data bits, critical decision made, right now memory vs. long term |
| Long term memory | time length is indefinite |
| Role Maintenance rehearsal | straightforward memorization, repeating something to yourself or writing it down over and over to try and encode it into your memory |
| Encoding | how information is entered into our brain |
| storage | what we do in order to hold onto memories |
| Retrieval | Accessing the memory |
| Confabulation | the unintentional distortion of a memory, person is not lying, they genuinely believe this memory to be true, outside influences impact encoding/storage of this memory |
| Duration theory | the memory itself remains, lose the ability to retrieve the memory |
| Capacity theory | we have limited amount of usable storage space for memories, reach full capacity, brain makes more space, memories are NOT deleted but harder to retrieve |
| Decay theory | stored memories begin to fade overtime and become more difficult to retrieve accurately |
| Interference Proactive theory | old interferes with new |
| Inference retroactive theory | new interferes with old |
| Elaborate encoding | process new information in ways that make it more relevant or meaningful |
| Chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically |
| Eidetic Memory | photographic memory |
| Flashbulb memories | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
| Dependency theory | 1. state, 2. context, 3. emotion |
| Retrograde amnesia | lose all old memories (the vow) |
| Antrograde amnesia | cannot encode new memories (50 first dates) |
Created by:
idague23
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