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psyc300 pt.1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Applied science | Research aimed at solving a particular practical problem |
| Argument from authority | Believing people who seem to be credible |
| Basic science | Scientific efforts based on a scientist’s curiosity |
| Deductive reasoning | "Top-down." Begins with theory and tests hypothesis to come to a conclusion |
| Inductive reasoning | "Bottom-up." Begins with observations from which hypothesis and theories emerge |
| Empiricism | Gaining knowledge through direct observation |
| Faith | A way of knowing without proof or evidence. |
| Pseudoscience | Information that does not follow the rules of science, but that is presented as if it does |
| Theory | A set of facts and relationships among facts that explains and predicts natural phenomena |
| Reliability | The ability to produce stable and consistent results |
| Validity | The ability of research to produce results that represent the real world. |
| Internal validity | The ability of a study to do what it's advertised to do |
| External validity | How well a study applies to the population of interest |
| Accommodation | Altering of existing ideas or beliefs in the presence of new and non-conforming information |
| Assimilation | Process by which we take in new information without needing to change existing concepts |
| Confound | An unstudied variable that affects the relationship being investigated |
| Construct | An abstract attribute that cannot be measured directly |
| Covariation | Two variables are systematically related, or correlated |
| Operationalization | To define a concept in a way that allows it to be measured |
| Phenomena | Problems, issues, or topics that are the focus of research |
| Population | The complete set of people meeting a set of characteristics |
| Sample | Small subset of a population consisting of research participants |
| Schema | A pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them |
| Temporal relationship | A relationship between variables in which the cause must precede the effect |
| Variability | Some difference within the dataset |
| Social norming | A theory suggesting our behaviour is influenced by perceptions of how others think and act |
| Conceptual definition | provides an overview of the variable we will measure |
| Operational definition | Defines the variable in a way it can be measured |
| Direct replication | Repeats original study as closely as possible |
| Conceptual replication | Methods are not the exactly the same as the original study, but the gist is the same |
| File-drawer problem | Publication bias resulting from journals only publishing positive results |
| Meta-analysis | Statistical technique of combining and analyzing the results from multiple studies |
| The curse of knowledge | When writers are well informed on their subject matter, they find it difficult to take the less informed reader’s perspective |
| Hedging | Nothing is ever absolute in science. Therefore, scientists use "softer" language to convey their findings |
| Effect size | A measure of the strength of a particular finding |
| Confidence intervals | Indicate the likelihood that a statistic will fall between a range of values around a variable's mean |
| Active consent | "Opt-in." Does not assume consent. Requires perimission. |
| Passive consent | "Opt-out." Assumes consent. |
| Adverse event | A negative outcome of participating in research |
| Belmont Report | Another name for the “Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research” issued in 1979; a foundational document for today’s research ethics guidelines |
| Beneficence | The aspect of ethical principles put forward by the Belmont Report that maximizes benefits relative to risks for participants |
| Common Rule | Federal policies outlining the protection of human research participants |
| Deception | In research, providing false or incomplete information to a prospective research participant to hide the true purpose of the investigation |
| Debriefing | Information provided about deception to participants after their participation has been completed |
| Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) | An independent group of experts that advise funding agencies and researchers during studies with a high risk of serious side effects |
| Exempt status | A category of research that does not fall under the Common Rule |
| Expedited review | Review by an IRB of research that involves minimal risk or is specifically identified as suitable for expedited review by federal regulations |
| Full IRB review | Review by an IRB of research that involves more than minimal risk and does not fall into one of the specific categories for expedited review identified in federal regulations |
| Group harm | Harm resulting from research findings that affects all members of a group |
| Human subject | As defined by the Common Rule, a living individual about whom a researcher obtains data either through interaction or through identifiable private information |
| Informed consent | Provision of enough information to potential research participants to allow them to decide whether to volunteer for research |
| Institutional Review Board (IRB) | A committee required to evaluate research at their institution for compliance with relevant federal codes |
| Justice | The aspect of ethical principles put forward by the Belmont Report that requires the benefits and burdens of research to be distributed fairly |
| Limited review | Type of IRB review for otherwise exempt studies before granting exempt status |
| Respect for persons | The aspect of ethical principles put forward by the Belmont Report that views individuals as having the right to make their own decisions |
| Whistleblower | A person who is willing to alert the IRB to unethical behaviour |
| Categorical variable | Variable representing distinct, non-overlapping categories or groups of individuals, which are distinguished by a specific characteristic |
| Central tendency | Most likely value |
| Dependent variable (DV) | The outcome variable measured by the researcher |
| Independent variable (IV) | A suspected causal variable manipulated by the researcher |
| Interval variable | Variable measured by order with equal distances between each interval on the scale |
| Mean | The mathematical average of a set of values |
| Median | The middle value in a set of values |
| Mode | The most frequent value in a dataset |
| Nominal variables | Variables that classify characteristics |
| Ordinal variables | Variables that rank characteristics |
| Primary data | Data collected by the researchers themselves rather than obtained from others |
| Ratio variable | A variable measured in a way that describes an amount of a given characteristic relative to the absence of that characteristic |
| Secondary data | Data collected by another person for another purpose that is used in new research |
| Standard deviation | A statistical measure of how closely scores cluster around a mean |
| Web scraping techniques | Data collection techniques that download feeds from social media sites like Facebook and Twitter |
| Expectancies | Perceptions of other people's behaviour |
| classical test theory | A paradigm that aims to understand the reliability of tests |
| construct validity | The degree of overlap between a theoretical construct and the measurement instrument |
| content bias | Test items disadvantage certain groups of individuals over others |
| content validity | Extent to which a measure represents all features of a given construct |
| convergent validity | Refers to the degree to which two measures of a construct are related |
| criterion validity | A relation between a measure intended to assess a certain construct and other measures that assess the same construct "gold star" |
| discriminant validity | A relation between a measure intended to assess a certain construct and a measure that assesses an unrelated construct |
| criterion-referenced tests | Measures that allow for comparing an individual’s performance to a specific skill |
| group-administered tests | Measures that are simultaneously administered to a group of individuals |
| individually-administered tests | Measures that are administered to one individual at a time |
| item | A specific task a test-taker is asked to perform, such as answering a question or providing a rating |
| measurement error | The difference between a test score and an individual’s actual ability |
| measurement reliability | The consistency and reproducibility of a measurement |
| measurement validity | The degree to which a measure assesses its prescribed content |
| norm-referenced test | Measures that allow for comparing an individual’s performance to a norm |
| power tests | Measures that do not possess time limits |
| speed tests | Measures that possess time limits |
| test bias | A test systematically disadvantages certain groups of individuals over others |
| testing situation bias | Testing conditions disadvantage certain groups of individuals over others |
| true score | An individual’s actual ability |
| response bias | A tendency for a participant to respond falsely to a test item for a number of different reasons, such as the phrasing of a question or the desire to appear socially appropriate. |
| observed score | a test score |
| confirmation bias | Searching for data that support existing views and discounting data that conflict with existing views |
| comprehensive narrative | Recording as much data as possible |
| demand characteristics | Clues about the purpose of the research and what the researcher expects to see |
| disguised observer | An observer whose role in a study is not known to participants |
| ecological validity | The ability to generalize findings to “real world” situations; a type of external validity |
| event sampling | Observing the antecedents, target behaviors, and the consequences of the target behaviors |
| field experiment | Experiment conducted in a natural setting |
| field notes | Abbreviated recordings of observations, often using predetermined codes |
| habituation | A reduced response to a stimulus that is not followed by meaningful consequences |
| naturalistic observation | Direct data collection without intervention in a natural setting |
| objective | Lacking personal emotional responses or bias |
| observational research | Non-experimental research in which behavior is observed and recorded |
| participant observation | Disguised or undisguised observer interacts with a community of interest |
| population validity | The extent we can generalize from a sample to a larger population; one aspect of external validity |
| random sampling | Each person in the population of interest has an equal chance to be observed |
| reactivity | Behaving differently due to an awareness of being watched |
| situation sampling | Selection of situations to be observed |
| structured observations | Participants respond to a situation framed by the researcher |
| systematic sampling | Selecting every nth person, behavior, or situation to observe |
| time sampling | The choice of times and durations of observations |
| undisguised observer | An observer whose role in a study is understood by participants |
| closed-ended questions | Questions with short or single-word answers |
| cluster sampling | Uses "natural" but relatively heterogeneous groupings in a population |
| construct validity | Focuses on whether our survey measures a construct that cannot be directly observed |
| convenience sampling | Sample is composed of people who are easy to reach |
| criterion-related validity | Involves comparing our survey results with other measures or outcomes (the criteria) already considered valid |
| cross-sectional data collection | Used to examine a characteristic of interest in a population at any single point in time. (Studying people of different ages at the same time). |
| cumulative scale (Guttman scale) | Measures to what degree a person has a positive or negative attitude toward something |
| dichotomous | A fixed-alternative question that can only be answered in one of the two indicated ways |
| discrete scale | Data that arise from observations that can only take certain numerical values |
| double-barrel questions | Question that touches upon more than one issue, yet allows for only one answer |
| evaluation survey | A survey used to make decisions |
| face validity | The extent to which a survey is subjectively viewed as measuring the construct it intends to measure |
| filter (contingency) questions | Questions that need to be answered only when the respondent provides a particular response |
| focus groups | A form of qualitative research consisting of interviews in which a group of people are asked about their perceptions, opinions, beliefs, and attitudes towards a characteristic of interest |
| forced choice | Questions which make survey respondents choose a response option that indicates a definitive opinion or attitude |
| group administration | Respondents are brought together and asked to respond to a questionnaire |
| internal consistency | The degree that the survey items are measuring the same construct |
| Likert-type items | A question adheres to certain format requirements |
| longitudinal | Observing and studying the same research population over time |
| mixed-mode surveys | Collecting data using multiple methods |
| non-probability sampling | Sample selection is biased because it is based on the subjective judgment of the researcher |
| nonresponse bias | Results when respondents differ in meaningful ways from nonrespondents |
| open-ended questions | Questions designed to encourage a full, meaningful answer using the subject's own knowledge and/or feelings |
| sampling bias | Sample is collected in such a way that not all members of the intended population are equally likely to be included |
| probability sampling | Sample selection utilizes a form of random selection which is less biased and has greater external validity |
| rank order | A series of items the respondent ranks in a particular order |
| sampling error | The discrepancy between the characteristics of a sample and the characteristics of the population |
| semantic differential | A type of a rating scale designed to measure the meaning of objects, events, and concepts |
| simple random sampling | A subset of a population in which each member has an equal probability of being chosen |
| snowball sampling | Participants recruit other participants |
| stratified random sampling | Population is divided into subgroups called strata |
| structured interview | An interview of prearranged questions that are presented in the same order |
| unstructured interview | An interview in which questions are not prearranged |
| standardized rating scale | A rating scale that uses response categories that describe various levels of performance |
Created by:
janelle.gerich
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