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In the context of psychology, which of the following is true of cross-cultural research?
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Morality is a uniquely human product that apparently turns on in humans around nine months of age.
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sop mod 1
ch 1,3,5,6 exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In the context of psychology, which of the following is true of cross-cultural research? | It involves participants of differing cultural backgrounds and allows for comparisons of findings across those cultures. |
| Morality is a uniquely human product that apparently turns on in humans around nine months of age. T/F | True. |
| Human culture can be defined as a unique meaning and information system, shared by a group and transmitted across generations, that allows the group to meet basic needs of survival, pursue happiness and well-being, and derive meaning from life. T/F | True |
| In the context of society and culture, which of the following statements is true? | Society is a system of interrelationships among people. |
| In the context of groups and culture, which of the following statements is true? | Countries have their own history, language, government, and economic base, all of which affect culture. |
| Much like the structure of our houses and homes, which is the social psychological frame within which individuals reside? | Culture |
| Hofstede’s value dimension of _____ refers to the degree to which people feel threatened by the unknown or ambiguous situations, and have developed beliefs, institutions, or rituals to evade them. | uncertainty avoidance |
| What refers to the cultural-level, general beliefs and premises about oneself, the social and physical environment, and the spiritual world? | Social axioms |
| What refers to organized systems of beliefs that tie together many attitudes, values, beliefs, worldviews, and norms and provide guidelines for living? | Religion |
| Examines the cultural foundations of psychological processes and human behavior | Cross-cultural psychology |
| Goals of psychology | To build a body of knowledge about people To apply that body of knowledge to improve people’s lives |
| Tests the cultural parameters of psychological knowledge Involves research on human behavior that compares psychological processes between two or more cultures | Cross-cultural research |
| has been based on WEIRD (Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic cultures) Not representative of all humans | Psychological research |
| Refers to general characteristics of a society Refers to heritage or tradition Describes rules and norms Describes learning or problem solving Defines the organization of a group Refers to origins of a group | Culture |
| Origins of culture | Environment Climate Resources Population density Latitudinal Psychology |
| In the context of expectation of competencies in children, despite similarities in the overall goals of development, cultures exhibit a tremendous degree of variability in its content. T/F | True |
| The term “socialization” refers to the process by which individuals learn about their cultures, including the meaning and information systems in the contexts of a person’s life. T/F | False |
| Which of the following generally refers to the products of the socialization process—the subjective, underlying, psychological aspects of culture that become internalized through development? | Enculturation |
| Institutions and organizations such as schools and social groups are examples of: | socialization and enculturation agents. |
| According to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory of human development, which of the following is an example of a microsystem? A parent’s workplace Religion The influence of time School | School |
| includes the tenet that children are not simply passive recipients of the enculturation and socialization processes, but they also contribute to their own development by interacting with and influencing the people, groups, and institutions around them? | Ecological systems theory |
| A developmental niche _____. | focuses on how the broader macrosystem structures a child’s immediate microsystems |
| A major finding of Whiting and Whiting’s Six Cultures Study was the contribution to the development of children’s social behaviors by the work roles of _____. | Women |
| LeVine (1977,1997) theorized that caregiving environment in child’s development reflects set of goals. Which is first goal in order of importance? Prestige/self-sufficiency Cultural values/morals Promotion of behaviors Physical health/survival | Physical health and survival |
| Parental cultural belief systems are also known as: | Parental ethnotheories |
| Self-concepts are not part of the universal psychological toolkit that humans bring with them to the world. T/F | True |
| Markus and Kitayama (1991b) explained that individuals with an interdependent construal of self: | strive to meet or even create duties, obligations, and social responsibilities. |
| Matsumoto et al. (1996) administered an individualism-collectivism scale to Japanese university students and classified the participants as either individualists or collectivists. They reported that: | over 70% of the Japanese respondents were classified as individualists. |
| Sampson (1988) referred to the sense of self in mainstream approaches as _____. | self-contained individualism |
| In the context of cultural differences in self-construals, cross-cultural research found that: | the cultural values of people of different cultures vary depending on the specific context in which they live. |
| Which theory suggests that because humans have unique cognitive abilities, we are aware of the fact that we will die eventually and are terrified of that inevitable death? | Terror management theory |
| Researchers suggested that collectivistic Asians tend to be more critical about themselves and are more attuned to negative than positive self-evaluations; this action can be described as self-enhancement. T/F | False |
| What refers to the idea that people of different cultures all self-enhance, but they choose to do it in different ways? | Tactical self enhancement |
| In the context of culture and identity, ____. | identity is fluid and changes in different contexts |
| S wants to learn about cultures+is interviewing classmates about their culture. 1 of interviewees, immigrant, describes cultural system of their home culture. home culture has since evolved+changed,+no longer matches description of classmate. known as? | Cultural Crystallization |
| The term personality is typically defined as: | a set of relatively enduring behavioral and cognitive characteristics, traits, or predispositions that people take with them to different situations, contexts, and interactions with others, and that contribute to differences among individuals. |
| In the perspective of psychological anthropology, a national character refers to: | the perception that each culture has a modal personality type, and that most persons in that culture share aspects of it. |
| Which perspective of personality assumes that psychological processes are not just influenced by culture but are thoroughly culturally constituted? | Cultural indigenous perspective |
| Early cross-cultural studies on personality would take a personality scale developed in one country or culture and translate it to use in another culture. It was concluded that: | the researchers in these studies assumed that the methods of measuring personality dimensions were psychometrically valid and reliable. |
| Self-esteem is a personality dimension of the five-factor model. T/F | False |
| In the context of measuring personality, the NEO PI-3 is a: | 240-item instrument in which respondents rate the degree to which they agree or disagree that the item is characteristic of them. |
| In the context of the five-factor model, what refers to the degree to which an individual experiences positive emotions, and is outgoing, expressive, and sociable or shy, introverted, and avoids contact? | Extraversion |
| In the context of the five-factor model, compliance, modesty, and tender-mindedness are subtraits of _____. | agreeableness |
| According to Hofstede and McCrae (2004), one of the two hypotheses that explains why cultural differences exist in mean aggregate levels of traits is known as: | selective migration. |
| Which of the following refers to the hypothesis that the aggregate levels of traits in a group influence the culture produced by that group? | Reverse causation |
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