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Psych - Quiz 1
Chapter 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Evidence-based treatment | A psychotherapy technique whose effectiveness has been supported by empirical research. |
| Empiricism | The use of verifiable evidence as the basis for conclusions; collecting data systematically and using it to develop, support, or challenge a theory. Also called empirical method, empirical research. |
| Theory | A statement or set of statements that describes general principles about how variables relate to one another. Harlow’s theory was that contact comfort, not food, was the primary basis for a baby’s attachment to its mother. |
| Hypothesis | A statement of the specific result the researcher expects to observe from a particular study, if the theory is accurate. Also called prediction. Harlow’s hypothesis stated that the babies would spend more time on the cozy mother than on the wire mother. |
| Data | A set of observations representing the values of some variable, collected from one or more research studies. Harlow’s data were the amount of time the baby monkeys stayed on each mother.) |
| Preregistered | referring to a study in which, before collecting any data, the researcher has stated publicly what the study’s outcome is expected to be (no “i knew it all along”) |
| Replication | The process of conducting a study again to test whether the result is consistent. |
| Weight of the evidence | A conclusion drawn from reviewing scientific literature and considering the proportion of studies that is consistent with a theory. Harlow’s theory of attachment was strongly supported by individual studies |
| Falsifiability | A feature of a scientific theory, in which it is possible to collect data that will indicate that the theory is wrong. Harlow gambled with his study |
| Universalism | One of Merton’s four scientific norms, stating that scientific claims are evaluated according to their merit, independent of the researcher’s credentials or reputation; the same preestablished criteria apply to all scientists and all research. |
| Communality | One of Merton’s four scientific norms, stating that scientific knowledge is created by a community, and its findings belong to the community. |
| Disinterestedness | One of Merton’s four scientific norms, stating that scientists strive to discover the truth whatever it is; they are not swayed by conviction, idealism, politics, or profit (unopinionated) |
| Organized skepticism | One of Merton’s four scientific norms, stating that scientists question everything, including their own theories, widely accepted ideas, and “ancient wisdom” (overall skepticism) |
| Self-correcting | A process in which scientists make their research available for peer review, replication, and critique, with the goal of identifying and correcting errors in the research. |
| Applied research | Research whose goal is to find a solution to a particular real-world problem (specific solution). If a school district’s new method of teaching language arts is working better than the former one |
| Basic research | Research whose goal is to enhance the general body of knowledge, without regard for direct application to practical problems (no specific goal). Understanding the structure of the visual system |
| Translational research | Research that uses knowledge derived from basic research to develop and test solutions to real-world problems (testing based on basic research). Basic research on the biochemistry of cell membranes might be translated into a new drug for schizophrenia. |
| Journal | A monthly or quarterly periodical containing peer-reviewed articles on a specific academic discipline or subdiscipline, written for a scholarly audience |
| Journalism | News and commentary published or broadcast in the popular media and produced for a general audience. |
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aileenaa
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