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electro-modalities
ortho foundations exam 1 material
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ______ produce sine waves at different frequencies, used for pain controls | interferential currents |
| how many pads and electrodes in interferential currents | 4 pads, 2 electrodes |
| when the currents add together and enhance the effect of one another | constructive interference |
| when the currents subtract from one another and the effect of the current is decreased | destructive interference |
| if two generators have slightly different frequencies, | they are OUT of phase and create a BEAT PATTERNS |
| advantage of interferential | allows you to target deeper tissues |
| characteristics of high volt stimulators | high peak current, narrow pulse duration, TWIN PEAK monophonic waveform |
| advantage of high volt stimulators | supposed to be more comfortable |
| high volt stimulators well suited for | ascending pain control |
| common uses for Russian | strengthening |
| characteristics for Russian | burst frequency |
| benefit of russian | comfortable; higher intensities are tolerated |
| interferential common uses | level I / ascending control |
| characteristics of interferential | beat frequency |
| benefit of interferential | target structures are deep |
| high volt common uses | level I / ascending control |
| characteristics of high volt | twin peak monophonic |
| high volt benefit | comfortable waveform |
| VMS/symmetrical biphasic common uses | strengthening and all levels of pain control |
| VMS/symmetrical biphasic characteristics | generic waveform |
| VMS/symmetrical biphasic benefit | allows you to control many parameters |
| premodulated common uses | level 1 / ascending superficial pain control |
| premodulated benefits | easy set up |
| percent of time that the bursts last (on for 50, off for 50) | duty cycle |
| iontophoresis | topically applied physiologically active ions into epidermis and mucous membranes of the body by direct current |
| how iontophoresis works | like charges repel- DC current will cause electrochemical reaction under each electrode |
| under anode (+)accumulation of negative ions creates | acidic reaction |
| under cathode (-) accumulation of positive ions creates | alkaline reaction |
| why don't we get electrochemical effects with a biphasic symmetrical waveform (alternating current) | because equal positive and negative charges cancel each other out |
| common indications for iontophoresis | inflammatory conditions*, analgesic effects, calcium deposits |
| medication used for inflammatory conditions (90-95%) | dexamethasone |
| dexamethasone | negative, cathode |
| medication used for analgesic effects (4%) | lidocaine, xylocaine |
| lidocaine, xylocaine | positive, anode |
| medication used for calcium deposits | acetic acid |
| acetic acid | negative, cathode |
| other indications for ionotophoresis | scar modification (iodine -) wound healing (zinc oxide +) edema reduction (hyoluronidase +) hyperhydrosis (tap water, +/-) |
| ions introduced by electrical current | iontophoresis |
| molecules introduced by acoustical energy or sound waves | phonophoresis |
| two electrodes, | active and dispersive |
| which is the active electrode | the electrode with the medicine * |
| active electrode can be | + or - |
| cathode should be ____ the size of anode | 2x the size |
| dispersive is placed about ___ from the active electrode | 18 inches |
| methodology of iontophoresis | current intensity is slowly increased until slight tingly sensation is detected |
| current density should not exceed | 0.5 mA / cm^2 |
| how can you decrease current density? | decrease intensity and/or increase electrode surface |
| dosage = | intensity x time |
| dosages typically range btwn | 40-80 mAxmin |
| 4.0mA for 10 min delivers a dosage of | 40 mAxmin |
| if you use an intensity of 3 mA how long will it take for you to deliver 60mAxmin dosage? | 20 minutes |
| if condition is not resolved in ___ treatments, | in 12 treatments, discontinue use |
| medications greater than 1-2% solution are | NOT more advantageous than medications of lower concentrations, MUST INCREASE INTENSITY OR TREATMENT TIME |
| target tissue for effective ion | superficial, less than 1 cm |
| contraindications | allergic reactions, pacemakers, pregnancy, across temporal region, near cell phones, over broken or compromised skin |
| precautions | burns |
| electrochemical burns | due to pH changes, occurs as treatment continues |
| thermal burns | too great a resistance, initially at the onset of treatment |
| patient should not | sit or lie on electrodes |
| *can a hi volt ESTIM unit be used for iontophoresis ? | NO - bc of the short pulse duration , do not get only appreciable accumulation of charge underneath the electrode |
| do I need a physicians referral to use iontophoresis? | yes |
| can iontophoretic drug delivery be administered to sites over metal bones, screws, plates, pins? | yes- if metal appliance is not exposed through the skin. AVOID sites with exposed metal appliances |
| can iontophoresis be used over newly formed scar tissue? | ONLY if skin site is completely healed |
| what types of skin reactions can I expect to see after treatment? | redness, occasional small bumps secondary to release of histamine, dryness or itching at sites |
| should the area to be treated be shaved? | no- excess hair may be cli[[ed, shaving compromises skin resistance too much, increases chance of burn |
| advantage of iontophoresis | can be an effective non-invasive means of delivering medication for selected pathologies |
Created by:
thomask9
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