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Neuro Review
Nervous & Endocrine System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| nervous system | the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems |
| central nervous system CNS | the brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body |
| nerves | bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the CNS with the muscles, glands, and sense organs |
| sensory neurons (afferent) | neurons that carry incoming information from the body's tissues and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord |
| motor neurons (efferent) | neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands |
| interneurons | neurons within the brain and spinal cord; they communicate internally and process information between the sensory inputs and motor outputs |
| somatic nervous system | the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. also called the skeletal nervous system |
| autonomic nervous system | the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (like the heart). its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms. |
| sympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy |
| parasympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy |
| reflex | a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response |
| endocrine system | the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream |
| hormones | chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues. |
| adrenal glands | a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress |
| pituitary glands | the endocrine system's most influential gland. under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. |
| neuron | a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system |
| cell body | the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus; the cells life-support center |
| dendrites | a neuron's often bushy, branching extensions that receive and integrate messages conducting impulses towards the cell body |
| axon | the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands |
| myelin sheath | a fatty tissues layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next |
| glial cells (glia) | cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory |
| action potential | a neural impulse, a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon |
| threshold | the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
| refractory period | in neural processing, a brief resting period that occurs after a neuron has fired, subsequent action potentials cannot occur until the axon returns to its resting state |
| all-or-none response | a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing |
| synapse | the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrites or cell body of the receiving neuron. the tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft |
| neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. when released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel acrossed the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, influences how neurons will generate a neural impulse |
| reuptake | a neurotransmitter's absorption by the sending neuron |
| endorphins | "morphine within" -natural opiate- like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure |
| agonist | a molecule that increases a neurotransmitter's action |
| antagonist | a molecule that inhabits or blocks a neurotransmitter's action |
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