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Module 1
Chapter 1 & 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Clinical Psychology | Area that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior |
| Cognitive Psychology | Study of cognitions, or thoughts and their relationship to experiences and actions |
| Counseling Psychology | Area that focuses on improving emotional, social, vocational and other aspects of the lives of psychologically health individuals |
| Developmental Psychology | Scientific study of development across a lifespan |
| Forensic Psychology | The area that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system |
| Personality Psychology | Study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique |
| Psychology | Sicentific study of the mind and behavior |
| "ology" | Suffix that denotes "scientific study of" |
| Sport and Exercise Psychology | Area of psychology that focuses on the interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performance in sports exercise, and other' activities |
| Biopsychology | Study of how biology influences behavior |
| Biopsychology Model | Perspective that asserts that biology, psychology and social factors interact to determine an individuals health |
| Behaviorism | Focus on observing and controlling behavior; learning through repetition and reinforcement, observation and imitation |
| Functionalism | Focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment |
| Humanism | Perspective within psychology that emphasized the potential for good that is innate to all humans |
| Structuralism | Understanding the conscious experience through introspection |
| Introspection | Process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its component parts |
| American Psychological Association (APA) | Professional organization representing psychologists in the United States |
| Dissertation | Long research paper about research that was conducted as a part of the candidates doctoral training |
| Empirical Method | Method for acquiring knowledge based on observation including experimentation, rather than a method based on only forms of logical argument or previous authorities |
| Personality Trait | Consistent pattern of thought and behavior |
| PhD | (doctor of philosophy) doctoral degree conferred in many disciplinary perspectives housed in a traditional college of liberal arts and sciences |
| Postdoctoral Training Program | Allows young scientists to further develop their research programs and broaden their research skills under the supervision of other professionals in the field |
| Psychoanalytic Theory | Focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior |
| PsyD | (doctor of psychology) doctoral degree that places less emphasis on research - oriented skills and focuses more on application of psychological principles in the clinical context |
| Archival Research | Method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships |
| Attrition | Reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time |
| Cause-And-Effect Relationship | Changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design |
| Clinical or Case Study | Observational research study focusing on one or a few people |
| Confirmation Bias | Tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs |
| Confounding Variable | Unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables |
| Control Group | Serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study; group does not receive the treatment |
| Correlation | Relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does |
| Correlational Coefficient | Number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r |
| Cross-Sectional Research | Compares multiple segments of a population at a single time |
| Debriefing | When an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion |
| Deception | Purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment |
| Deductive Reasoning | Results are predicted based on a general premise |
| Dependent Variable | Variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had |
| Double-Blind Study | Experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments |
| Empricial | Grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing |
| Experimental Group | Group designed to answer the research question; group that obtains the treatment |
| Experimenter Bias | Research expectations skew the results of the study |
| Fact | Objective and verifiable observation, established using evidence collected through empirical research |
| Falsifiable | Able to be disproven by experimental results |
| Generalize | Inferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger popuilation |
| Hypothesis | Tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables |
| Illusory Correlation | Seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists |
| Independent Variable | Variable whose effect is being studied; factor that is manipulated |
| Inductive Reasoning | Conclusions are drawn from observations |
| Informed Consent | Individuals give consent before they can participate in research |
| Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) | Committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving non-human animals |
| Institutional Review Board (IRB) | Committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants |
| Inter-Rarter Reliability | Measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event |
| Longitudinal Research | Studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time |
| Naturalistic Observation | Observation of behavior in its natural setting |
| Negative Correlation | Two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; different from no correlation |
| Observer Bias | When observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations |
| Operational Definition | Carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study |
| Opinion | Personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate |
| Participants | Subjects of psychological research |
| Peer-Reviewed Journal Article | Article read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) with the expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of the manuscript before it is accepted for publication |
| Placebo Effect | Occurs when peoples expectations influence their experience in a given situation |
| Population | Overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in |
| Positive Correlation | Two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller |
| Random Assignment | Method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group |
| Random Sampling | Subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected |
| Reliability | Consistency and reproducibility of a given result |
| Replicate | Repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research's reliability |
| Sample | Subset of individuals selected from the larger population |
| Single-Blind Study | Experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group |
| Statistical Analysis | Determines how likely any different between experimental groups is due to chance |
| Survey | List of questions to be answered by research participants - given as paper-and-pencil questionaries, administered electronically, or conducted verbally - allowing researchers to collect data from a larger number of people |
| Theory | Well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observing phenomena |
| Validity | Accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure |
| Wilhelm Wundt | He was considered a structuralist attempting to break conscious experience into emotional responses and objective sensations |
| William James | The founder of functionalism and focused the individuals behavior, mind and consciousness to see how we can use knowledge of psychology to improve the function in the environment |
| Edward Titchener | A former study of William Wundt; he focused on the contents of the mental processes rather than their function |
| Sigmond Freud | Founder of psychoanalysis; focused on the unconscious where conflicting impulses, urges and wishes exist |
| Gestalt Theory | A way of understanding how the whole is greater than the sum of its parts; brought to the U.S. by three German psychologists |
| Ivan Pavlov | He studied in the field of behaviorism; worked with dogs to get a salivation reaction using classical conditioning techniques |
| John B Watson | Considered the founder of American behaviorism believing that psychology should be limited to observe measurable events and behavior; study of Little Albert |
| B.F Skinner | Known as a behaviorist he believed organisms learn to behave in certain wats because of reinforcement; trained lab animals through strategic reinforcement |
| The Skinner Box | The operant conditioning chamber allowed the careful study of the principles of modifying behavior through reinforcement and punishment; the mouse |
| Abraham Maslow | Known as a humanistic psychology he proposed the hierarchy of human needs |
| Carl Rogers | He was a humanistic psychologist focused on client-centered therapy where the patient takes the leading role during the session |
| Biopsychological Perspective | Focuses on the links between behavior and biology; the influence of genes we inherited from parents and ancestors on our brain and behavior |
| Evolutionary Perspective | Focuses on the evolution of behavior and mental processes |
| Cognitive Perpective | The relationship between thought processes and behavior; investigates how humans perceive and mentally represent the world |
| Humanistic Perspective | Stresses that the human is free to choose and is responsible for their choosing ethical conduct |
| Psychodynamic Perspective | A theory based on human behavior based on the interaction of unconscious drives and forces within the person |
| Multicultural Perspective | Addresses the many way people differ from one another |
| Scientific Method | An organized way of using experience and testing ideas in order to expand and refine knowledge |
| Hypothesis | A specific statement about behavior or mental processes testable through research |
| Replication | Repeating a study to see if the findings hold up over time with different subjects |
| Volunteer Bias | Volunteers may differ systematically from people who don't volunteer |
| Noam Chomsky | A major contributor to the cognitive perspective believing that psychology's focus on behavior had to re-incorporate mental functioning |
| Margret Floy Washburn | The first woman awarded the doctoral degree in psychology |
| Mary Whiton Calkins | Taught by William James, she focused on memory research, structuralism and functionalism... completing the requirements for a PhD but Harvard failed to award her it since she was a woman |
Created by:
amelia.beaulieu
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