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PSYCH CH 1-4 F23
| question/term | answer/definition |
|---|---|
| The goal of applied research is for psychologists to | change behaviors and outcomes |
| Active research usually occurs in a | natural setting |
| Anticipating future outcomes or behaviors is at the heart of psychology's goal of | prediction |
| In the elementary school meditation study, the teacher is using the first goal of psychology, to ____, if she observes change in the students' behaviors and grades after practicing meditation. | describe |
| The view that the mind and the body interact as separate entities is known as ____ | dualism |
| Dualism is most closely associated with the philosopher ___. | Descartes |
| Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow were among the early founders of the ____ perspective in psychology. | humanistic |
| Dr. Tyler prescribes benzodiazepine drugs such as Valium and Xanax to treat his patient's anxiety symptoms. Dr. Tyler adheres to the ______ perspective in psychology. | biological |
| The goal of applied research is for psychologists to ______ | gather knowledge |
| Nature refers to one's ____ | genes |
| Nurture refers to one's ______ | environment |
| The pioneering psychologist ______ used a method called introspection to enable subjects to examine their own mental processes. | William Wundt |
| The pioneering psychologist William Wundt used a method called _________ to enable subjects to examine their own mental processes. | introspection |
| Former US president George H. W. Bush designated 1990-1999 as the "Decade of the Brain." This designation reflects the importance of the ______ perspective in contemporary psychology. | biological |
| Psychology is the scientific study of ____ | behavior and mental processes |
| In the elementary school meditation study, the teacher is using the second goal of psychology to ____, when reviewing the studies concluding that meditation can lead to positive behavioral change in a variety of settings | explain |
| Student Life professional at a state university is pursuing psychology's goal of _____ when she uses applicants' high-school GPAs to anticipate their college GPAs at the end of their freshman year. | prediction |
| Dr. Tang studies how humans learn a second language and the memory techniques used for learning more efficiently. He is using the _____ perspective to psychology. | cognitive |
| A grad student is reading studies examining the effect of external rewards on intrinsic motivation. For each study, she considers the methods and implications of its results for a broad theory of motivation. The student is engaged in _____ thinking | critical |
| Developing a hypothesis is the _____ step in the scientific method | second |
| Compared with a theory, a hypothesis is __ | narrower |
| In a research study examining depressive symptoms, “the score an individual receives on the Beck Depression Inventory” is a(n) _____ definition. | operational |
| ____ statistics are used to organize and present a set of data, often through tables, graphs, and charts | descriptive |
| A relationship is found between the students' scores on an impulsivity scale and their scores on a measure of problem drinking. Cindy wishes to predict the likelihood that a new sample will show the same relationship. She therefore computes _statistics. | inferential |
| Measurable characteristics that can change over time and across individuals are called: variables | variables |
| A sample is _____ a population | smaller than |
| A high school history teacher asks her students to consider the source and the quality of the evidence they cite in support of the points they make in their essays. The teacher is encouraging her students to engage in _____ thinking | critical |
| Cory creates a pie chart for a sales meeting. The chart MOST likely displays _____ statistics | descriptive |
| The attributes of a _____ sample mirror those of the population of interest | representative |
| Macy is considering topics she finds personally interesting and is beginning to read some of the psychological research on some of these topics. With respect to the scientific method, Macy is working on the _____ step of the method, developing a ? | first |
| Macy is considering topics she finds personally interesting and is beginning to read some of the psychological research on some of these topics. With respect to the scientific method, Macy is working on the 1st step of the method, developing a ___ | question |
| The LAST step in the scientific method is ___ | publish findings |
| Latonya recently published an article detailing her research in a peer-reviewed journal. Mary is now examining Latonya's work and wants to repeat the research to see if she obtains similar results. Mary is going to _____ Latonya's work | replicate |
| Case studies and surveys are both types of _____ research | descriptive |
| A weak correlation is indicated by a ____ | coefficient close to .00 |
| n a busy office, Meena records managers' behaviors when they interact with subordinates. She goes to great lengths to make sure that the managers are not aware that she is watching them. This is an example of ___ | naturalistic observation |
| Rare phenomena are BEST studied using a descriptive research technique called ___ | the case study |
| _____ is a research technique in which behavior is studied in its everyday environment | naturalistic observation |
| The correlational method is aimed at ___ | examining relationships among variables |
| n an experiment, the values of the _____ variable are determined by the researcher's manipulation of the independent variable | dependent |
| n an experiment, the values of the dependent variable are determined by the researcher's manipulation of the _____ variable | independent |
| Human strengths and virtues are the focus of a new approach called _____ psychology | positive |
| Cause-and-effect predictions may be tested in ___ | experiments |
| Experimenting effects of brainstorming instruction on problem-solving creativity. Participants are assigned to instruction or no-instruction group. Creativity of all participants' problem solutions is later assessed. Solution creativity is the _ variable | dependent |
| A fake or “pretend” experimental treatment is called a | placebo |
| The practice of _____ was an early approach to explaining the functions of the brain that involved analyzing the pattern of bumps on a person's skull | phrenology |
| The branch of psychology that focuses on how the brain and other bodily systems influence human behavior is known as | biological psychology |
| _____ are insulated by myelin sheath, a fatty tissue that helps speed up the transmission of neural messages | axons |
| Why is neural communication sometimes described as an “electrochemical” process? | the action potential is electrical, and transmission across the synapse is chemical |
| Lucy's doctor tells her that she has low levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Based on these results, it is likely that Lucy has | alzheimers disease |
| Clifford starts to feel hungry around one o'clock in the afternoon. What structure in the brain is causing Clifford's increase in appetite? | hypothalamus |
| The specialized cells of the nervous system called _____ transmit electrical and chemical signals in the body. | neurons |
| Estrella has been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. This disorder reflects ___ | damaged myelin |
| The neurotransmitter _____ is involved in regulating mood and appetite | serotonin |
| After a strenuous workout, Javon feels especially good. Javon's euphoria may reflect the release of the brain's naturally produced opioid(s), called __ | endorphins |
| Cells that support, nourish, and protect neurons are known as ___ | glial cells |
| The central nervous system is comprised of the __ | brain and spinal cord |
| The somatic and autonomic nervous systems are the two major divisions of the _____ nervous system | peripheral |
| The _____ nervous system controls involuntary processes such as increased blood flow to muscles and pupil dilation | automatic |
| Neurons do not touch one another. Instead they are separated by a _____, the tiny gap across which neurotransmitters are sent | synapse |
| Dayton is startled by a large groundhog running across his driveway. His _____ nervous system activates, causing his pupils to dilate and his heart to pound | sympathetic |
| Within the endocrine system, the _____ gland is often called the “master gland” because it influences all other glands in addition to promoting growth through the secretion of hormones | pituitary |
| Your _____ nervous system allows you to eat your lunch | somatic |
| Your _____ nervous system helps you digest your lunch | automatic |
| Ross is riding his bike when a car runs him off the road. He feels his heart racing as he struggles to catch his breath. Soon Ross's heartrate and breathing return to normal as his _____ nervous system kicks in | parasympathetic |
| Janice is afraid of needles. As she awaits a flu shot, Janice's _____ nervous system is probably going into overdrive as she is imagining with terror what the injection is going to feel like | sympathetic |
| The peripheral nervous system is comprised of the ___ | somatic and automatic nervous system |
| Mayra is at a picnic when a fly lands on her plate. She quickly swats the fly away. The message to swat the fly was sent from Mayra's brain to her muscles via ___ | motor neurons |
| If you had your corpus callosum severed __ | your right and left hemispheres cannot communicate |
| The __ system uses glands to convey messages by releasing hormones into the bloodstream | endocrine |
| The idea that certain areas of the brain tend to specialize in performing certain tasks is known as ___ | lateralization |
| Following a head injury, Enid has trouble making sense of what people say to her. Enid may have suffered damage to the _____ lobe | left temporal |
| _____ are responsible for producing new neurons | stem cells |
| A brain tumor has slowly robbed George of his ability to recognize objects by touch. The tumor is probably centered in his _____ lobe | parietal |
| Val's suddenly loses 20 pounds without changing her diet or exercise routine. She makes an appointment with her doctor who informs her that her _____ is not working properly because her metabolism rate is not being regulated. | thyroid gland |
| With two distinct halves (or hemispheres), the _____ is the largest part of the brain. It contains virtually all parts of the brain except brainstem structures | cerebrum |
| When talking on the phone to your friend, _____ allows you to respond | Broca's area |
| Higher-level thinking, such as thinking, perception, and impulse control, is primarily the responsibility of the _____ lobe | frontal |
| Phineas Gage was involved in a railroad accident that sent a 3-foot iron tamping rod through his head. The rod went straight through his _____ lobe, leading to dramatic changes in his character | frontal |
| The formation of new neurons in the brain is known as | neurogenesis |
| The brain's ability to heal, grow new connections, and reorganize in order to adapt to the environment is known as __ | neuroplasticity |
| The _____ helps regulate emotion, memory, and motivation | limbic system |
| The _____ is particularly important in the formation of new memories, but it is not where those memories get stored for the long term | hippocampus |
| Brian has ALS, a disorder that has taken away his ability to control his muscles. Recently, Brian was placed on a feeding tube and respirator. Which structure located in the hindbrain oversees vital functions such as Brian's digestion and breathing | medulla |
| Leila is terrified of snakes. She is on a hike with her sister when a snake slithers across their path. Which structure within the limbic system is activated as Leila processes her fear? | amygdala |
| A neuropsychologist describes a patient who is experiencing difficulty with coordination and balance. The patient's brain damage is probably localized in the | cerebellum |
| The lowest stimulus intensity that an individual can detect 50% of the time is called the _____ threshold | absolute |
| In signal detection theory, hits are _____ responses. | correct |
| In signal detection theory, false alarms are _____ responses. | incorrect |
| ___ can be described as the detection of sensory information | sensation |
| __ can also be described as interpretation. | perception |
| The just noticeable difference is another name for the _____ threshold | difference |
| Subliminal stimuli occur _____ the absolute threshold | beneath |
| According to signal detection theory __ | stimulus detection is influenced by internal and external factors |
| Organizing and assigning meaning to incoming information occurs during the process of __ | perception |
| Weber's law applies to __ | difference thresholds |
| The electromagnetic spectrum ___ | contains the wavelengths people see as light |
| The fovea ___ | is found in the center of the retina |
| The opponent-process theory of color vision proposes that there are pairs of colors, _____ and _____, that cannot be perceived simultaneously | red-green//blue-yellow |
| The cornea is the ___ | eye's clear, protective outer covering |
| The _____ changes shape to focus images on the retina | lens |
| The lens changes shape to focus images on the retina. This process is called _____ | accommodation |
| The _____ is responsible for MOST of the eye's ability to focus images | cornea |
| In the visual system, transduction occurs in the ___ | retina |
| Which of the cerebrum's lobes contains the visual feature detectors | occipital |
| Proposed by _____, trichromatic theory was the first major account of color vision | Young and von Helmoltz |
| Proposed by Young and von Helmoltz, _____ theory was the first major account of color vision | trichromatic |
| Color deficiency typically causes difficulty distinguishing between _____ and _____ | red and green |
| Pitch is measured in __ | hertz (Hz) |
| The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are located in the _____ | middle ear |
| Hair cells are located in the _____ | inner ear |
| Place theory helps us understand _____ sounds | high-frequency |
| Frequency theory helps us understand _____ sounds | low-frequency |
| Transduction in the ear occurs in the _____ | hair cells |
| Transduction in the ear occurs in the hair cells, which are located in the ____ | cochlea |
| Which sequence correctly arranges inner ear structures from the largest and most inclusive to the smallest and most specific? and most specific? | cochlea>basilar membrane>hair cells |
| Timbre refers to the perception of a ___ | sound's complexity |
| Amplification of sound occurs in the _____ ear | middle |
| Collection of sound occurs in the _____ ear | outer |
| The chemical senses include ____ | olfaction and gustation |
| Larry describes the taste of the cupcake he is eating to his best friend. He is using his sense of _____ to identify the flavors and sweetness of his dessert | gustation |
| Receptor cells in the mouth sense _____ basic tastes | 5 |
| __ is unique among the senses in that its pathway does NOT include the thalamus | olfaction |
| ___ limb amputees experience phantom pain | a large majority of |
| The _____ sense provides information about balance and equilibrium | vestibular |
| According to the textbook, the use of color coding can aid the comprehension of charts and graphs because it capitalizes on the Gestalt principle of ___ | similarity |
| Missy knows the television is more distant than a stack of textbooks on the entertainment stand because the books hide her view of a corner of the screen. This example illustrates a depth cue called ___ | interposition |
| According to the Gestalt principle of proximity, objects are seen as a group when they ___ | are near each other |
| The visual cliff was used by _____ | Gibson and Walk |
| The visual cliff was used by Gibson and Walk to study ___ | depth perception |
| The _____ psychologists asserted that, with respect to perception, the whole is greater than the sum of the parts | Gestalt |
| __ refers to the tendency to perceive stimuli in a specific way due to past experiences and expectations | perceptual set |
| By the Gestalt principle of _____, people fill in incomplete parts of a line or figure to perceive a unified whole | closure |
| _____'s research indicated that depth perception is largely innate | Gibson and Walk |
| Gibson and Walk's research indicated that depth perception is largely _____ | innate |
| The noted Cornell University psychologist _____ published a journal article offering evidence for extrasensory perception. | Daryl Bem |
| A psychologist considers a person conscious if they are ___ | aware of self and environment |
| The process of collecting and saving information with little or no conscious effort is called ___ | automatic processing |
| The cocktail-party effect is a concrete example of ___ | selective attention |
| Given the research on multitasking, students who use _____ forms of digital media while preparing for an exam perform significantly better | no more than two |
| Eva arrives home in her driveway before she knows it. She completely forgot to run an errand along her route. The involuntary cognitive activity that guided Eva's drive home is known as __ | automatic processing |
| Artie is watching his favorite movie with his sister. He turns to ask his sister a question but she is nowhere to be seen. Artie was so focused on the movie that he did not notice his sister leaving the room. This scenario demonstrates which phenomenon? | inattentional blindness |
| Our daily pattern roughly follows a 24-hour cycle of daylight and darkness. This 24-hour cycled of physiological and behavioral functioning is called ___ | circadian rhythm |
| What are the stages of sleep? | non-rapid eye movement, theta waves, delta waves, rapid eye movement |
| Cataplexy is one symptom of __ | narcolepsy |
| A child waking from non-REM sleep screaming, crying, and breathing rapidly is experiencing __ | sleep terror |
| The release of melatonin is regulated by the ___ | pineal gland |
| Being awake, aware, and oriented is characterized by _____ waves | beta |
| Deep sleep is characterized by _____ waves | Delta waves |
| “Last night I dreamt about falling down an open manhole in the street,” Lucinda tells you. “That probably means that you feel like your life is spiraling out of control,” you respond. Your interpretation of Lucinda's dream refers to the _____ content | latent |
| According to the _____ model, dreams have no meaning | activation-synthesis |
| The neurocognitive theory of dreaming suggests that there is an involved system of neurons in the brain that must exist in order for dreams to occur. This network includes parts of the limbic system and ___ | forebrain |
| Research by Yu and Fu (2011) found that approximately _____% of dreams are reported to involve sexual activity | 12 |
| In _____ dreams, the dreamer becomes aware that he or she is dreaming | lucid |
| What is the class of psychoactive drugs that depress or slow down activity in the central nervous system | Depressants |
| A depressant drug that decreases neural activity, reduces anxiety and is a type of sedative is called a ___ | barbiturate |
| Substance use disorder is defined as a pattern of maladaptive substance use that persists for at least _____ months | 12 |
| Helena is a recovering alcoholic who recently entered a rehabilitation center. She is experiencing hallucinations, sweating, and severe tremors. What is Helena experiencing symptoms of? | delirium tremens (DTs) |
| Crack is a form of cocaine and is therefore a _____ | stimulant |
| Gerard recently quit using marijuana after being a consistent user for several months. He is not having withdrawal symptoms; however, he still has a strong desire to continue using marijuana. Gerard is showing signs of __ | psychological dependence |
| Synthetic painkillers such as Vicodin, OxyContin, and _____ are considered opioids | heroin |
| Mike started drinking alcohol two years ago. Over time he has had to drink more and more alcohol in order to experience the same effects. This is an example of ___ | tolerance |
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