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Psych - Ch. 12 Test
Psychology - Ch. 12 - Social Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| social psychology | the field of psychology that examines how people impact or affect each other, with particular focus on the power of the situation |
| situation influence are the OUTSIDE factors that determine our behavior, while dispositional influences are the INTERNAL ones | what is the difference in situational and dispositional influence on behavior? |
| 1) the fundamental attribution error 2) self-serving bias 3) just world hypothesis | what are the attributional errors? |
| the fundamental attribution error | the tendency to overemphasize internal factors as attributions for behavior and underestimate the power of the situation |
| self-serving bias | the tendency for individuals to take credit by making dispositional, or internal, attributions for positive outcomes and situational or external attributions for negative ones (blaming outside influences for failure) |
| just world hypothesis | an ideology, common in the U.S., that people get what they deserve |
| social role | a pattern or behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group ex - a student is expected to go to class |
| social norm | a group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members ex - business employees are expected to dress professionally and great customers |
| Zimbardo's prison study showed that it isn't who you are internally that matters, but the social context in which you find yourself | what did Zimbardo's prison study show? |
| attitude | refers to one's evaluations or feelings towards someone, an idea, or object that're typically positive or negative |
| 1) affective component (feelings) 2) behavioral component (the effect OF the attitude on behavior) 3) cognitive component (belief and knowledge) | what are the 3 components of attitude? |
| cognitive dissonance | psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person's behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that run counter to one's positive self-perception |
| 1) changing our discrepant behavior, rather than the situation 2) changing our cognitions through rationalization or denial 3) adding a new cognition; a convincing thought, perhaps | how is cognitive dissonance reduced? |
| persuasion | the process of changing one's attitude toward something based on some form of conversation ex - peer pressure |
| elaboration likelihood model | considers the variables of the attitude change approach which are included in the central and peripheral routes |
| central route | long-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an arguments worthiness |
| central route | audience - motivated; analytical processing - high effort; evaluate message persuasion - lasting change in attitude |
| peripheral route | an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues (such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message; when someone tries to persuade someone else |
| peripheral route | audience - neither motivated nor analytical processing - low effort, persuaded by cues outside of the message persuasion - temporary change in attitude |
| - people with lower intelligence - people with moderate self-esteem - 18 to 25 yrs old | what features of the audience is the easiest to persuade? |
| foot-in-the-door technique | persuasion of one person by another; encouraging a person to agree to a small favor, or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item. Those who agree to the small things are more likely to agree to the larger ones |
| conformity | when individuals change their behavior to go alone with the group, even if they don't agree with the group |
| a group was shown a series of lines and had to say which one most closely matched the line in question. one member from each group was naive while the others said a wrong answer on purpose to see of said member would conform; 76% of group members did | what were the result of Asch's experiment? |
| 1) the size of the majority - the more people, the more likely an individual is to conform 2) the presence of at least one dissenter - supporter(s) 3) the public or private nature of the responses - conformity is more likely with public responses | what factors make a person more likely to yield to group pressure |
| Milgram's experimental goal was to see how far people were willing to go to respect authority. 40 males, 25 to 50, would ask "learners", who were accomplices, questions and shock them with each wrong answer. 65% of teachers administered the highest shock | what was Stanly Milgram's experiment what were the results? |
| 1) when the experiment was in an off-campus building 2) when the learner and teacher were in the same room 3) when the learner and teacher were holding hands 4) when the researcher was giving the teacher orders over the phone | what were some features of Stanly Milgram's experiment where participants were less likely to continue to deliver shocks? |
| groupthink | the modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus |
| - seek outside opinions - voting in private - conducting research on all viewpoints - develop a contingency plan - weigh cost and benefits of all options - have leader withhold position statements until all group members have voiced their values | how can groupthink be avoided? |
| deindividuation | situations in which a person may feel a sense of anonymity and therefore a reduction on accountability and sense of self when among others; when people act differently than they normally would because they're a part of a group |
| - mobs - riots | in what conditions does deindividuation usually occurs. |
| bystander effect | phenomenon in which a witness or bystander doesn't volunteer to help a victim or person in distress |
| diffusion of responsibility | the tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group |
| prosocial behavior | voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people |
| altruism | people's desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping |
| - some think empathy is behind altruism - some think altruism is a form of selfless helping that's not motivated by benefits of feeling good about oneself - some think helping is always self-serving because of ego | what are theories on the motivation to help? |
| similar backgrounds, attitudes, and lifestyles | what are the factors that affect interpersonal attraction |
| stereotypes | cognitive; thoughts about people overgeneralized beliefs about people may lead to prejudice "yankees fans are arrogant and obnoxious" |
| prejudice | affective; feeling about people, both positive and negative feelings may influence treatment of others, leading to discrimination "i hate yankees fans; they make my angry" |
| discrimination | behavior; positive or negative treatment of others holding stereotypes and harboring prejudice may lead to excluding, avoiding, and biased treatment of group members "i would never hire nor become friends with a person if i knew they were a yankees fan" |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true; convincing oneself |
| confirmation bias | the process in which we seek out info that supports out stereotypes and ignore info that is inconsistent with our stereotypes |
| ingroups | a group we identify with and see ourselves as belonging to |
| outgroup | a group that we view as fundamentally different from us |
| aggression | when humans seek to cause harm or pain to another person; can be hostile or instrumental |
| hostile aggression | motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain |
| instrumental aggression | motivated by achieving a goal and doesn't necessarily involve intent to cause pain ex - a shooting that happens during a robbery |
| bullying | repeated negative treatment of another person, often as an adolescent, over time |
| consummate love | type of love occurring when intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present |
| liking | having intimacy but no passion or commitment for someone |
| infatuation | having passion by not intimacy for commitment for someone |
| empty love | having commitment but no passion or intimacy for someone |
| companionate love | type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment, but no passion; associated with close friendships and family relationships |
| romantic love | type of love consisting of intimacy and passion, but no commitment |
| fatuous | having passion and commitment, but no intimacy for someone (like long term seggsual love affairs) |
Created by:
Kendall Posey
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